Transcript Respiration - Great Neck School District

Respiration
• Respiration
– The process by which chemical bond energy in
nutrients is used to synthesize ATP
• Respiration allows for the energy stored in
food to be broken down into a form that can
be used by an organism.
• Respiration is a continuously ongoing process
which occurs in almost every cell of an
organism
ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
• ATP:
– The chemical energy stored in the bonds of ATP is
the only usable form of energy for most living
organisms
• ATP is formed through the process of
respiration
ADP + P  ATP
Adenosine Phosphate
Diphosphate
Adenosine
Triphosphate
• Energy is released by the process of
HYDROLYSIS
• The process is catalyzed by the enzyme,
ATP-ase
• Two different types of respiration
– Aerobic: Uses free oxygen
– Anaerobic: Does not use free oxygen
• During respiration, gasses enter and exit the
organism by DIFFUSION across “THE MOIST
RESPIRATORY SURFACES (MEMBRANES)”
• Complex organisms have developed
specialized organs with the purpose of
absorbing and transporting gasses
– AKA the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
(AKA: FERMENTATION)
• All living cells use anaerobic respiration to
break down glucose into a useable form of
energy, ATP
• The process of anaerobic respiration must
always begin with the presence of GLUCOSE
• The GLUCOSE is then broken down (Glycolysis)
with the aid of ENZYMES into PYRUVIC ACID
and then into either:
– 2 LACTIC ACID + 2 ATP
– 2 Alcohol + 2 CO2 + 2 ATP
• Simple BACTERIA and simple ORGANSIMS are
unable to carry on aerobic respiration
• Yeast are able to perform both forms of
respiration, but they are capable of surviving
solely on anaerobic in a oxygen poor
environment
• Muscle cells in more complex organisms
perform anaerobic respiration when adequate
oxygen is unavailable
Glycolysis
Net 2 ATP
Fermentation
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
• RESULTS
• Lactic Acid Fermentation results in Muscle
fatigue and the “Burn”
• Alcoholic Fermentation
• Used in Brewing industry (Beer and Wine)
• Used in Baking as the result of CO2
Production
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
• Respiration that takes place in the presence of
OXYGEN
• In ANIMALS cellular respiration takes place in
the MITOCHONDRIA
• In PLANTS, respiration is continuously ongoing
regardless of photosynthesis
• Chemical Respiration is the SAME in both
PLANTS and ANIMALS
• Molecules of GLUCOSE are broken down
completely into CO2 and H2O
• Net gain of 36
ATP per molecule of GLUCOSE
– 2 ATP from ANAEROBIC
– 34 ATP from AEROBIC
Aerobic Respiration
involves 2 phases
Adaptations for Respiration
• Plants
– Leaves
• STOMATES on the underside of the leaf open and
close to allow for gas exchange
• Opening regulated by the Guard Cells
• Gas exchange occurs by diffusion through cell
membranes that are within the spongy layer
– Stems
• Gases exchanged through LENTICELS, small openings
on stem
– Roots
• Diffusion of gasses occurs through thin moist
membranes of ROOT HAIRS
• Monera, Protists, and Fungi
– Gas exchange takes place by diffusion through
thin, moist, cell membranes Because the cell
membrane is (IDCWWE)
O2
CO2
O2
CO2
Hydra
All cells are in direct contact with
watery environment (ACRIDICWE)
O2
CO2
• Earthworm
• Gas exchange takes place through skin
• (must be kept moist with mucus)
• Uses hemoglobin to more effectively carry O2
through capillaries
• Grasshopper
– Gasses carried through TRACHEAL TUBES
– Gasses enter body though SPIRACLES, small holes
in exoskeleton
– Air sacks pump air from outside to the moist
membranes of the body cells
Humans
• Nasal Cavity
– Air enters the body through the nostrils
– Nasal Cavity is lined with CILIA
• Cleans, Warms, and Moistens air
• Pharynx
– Area where oral cavity and nasal cavity meet
• Trachea (Windpipe)
– Tube connecting the PHARYNX and the LUNGS
– EPIGLOTTIS
• Flap of tissue that covers the trachea to prevent choking
– Larynx (Voicebox)
– Walls of TRACHEA contain cartilage rings
– CILIATED MUCOUS MEMBRANE traps particles in
the air and prevents them from entering the lungs
• Bronchi and Bronchioles
– 2 BRONCHI branch off from end of TRACHEA, one
for each lung
– Each BRONCHI then branch into smaller
BRONCHIOLES
– At the end of the BRONCHIOLES are clusters of
small air sacs known as ALVEOLI
• Alveoli
– Thin, Moist walls, surrounded by capillaries
– Site of gas exchange
Gases moving in and out of the blood
Respiratory System Disorders
• Bronchitis
– Inflammation of the lining of bronchial tubes
– Air passages narrow and fill with mucus
• Asthma
– Allergic reaction
– Narrowing of bronchial tubes (Allergic Response)
– HISTAMINES are released into the body causing
the allergic response
• Emphysema
– Loss of elasticity of walls of Alveoli due to an
overexpansion of the Alveoli due to smoking
– Smokers cough: results from damage to the cilia
lining the trachea
– SOB, difficulty breathing, and decreased lung
capacity