Transcript Document
Removal of harmful, toxic, metabolic waste Metabolic Wastes: CO2 [Physical respiration] H2O [Physical respiration, Dehydration Synthesis] Nitrogenous Wastes [Protein Metabolism] - Ammonia (most toxic) - Urea - Uric Acid (least toxic) Organs Involved: Skin Lungs Liver Kidneys What are the 4 major organs involved with excretion: Lungs Liver Kidneys Skin Work together to maintain homeostasis Exchange of gases (CO2, H2O, O2) Pathway of air: Nasal Passage Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi/Bronchial tubes Bronchioles Alveoli (respiratory surface) LUNGS 150 million per lung Nasal Passage Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lung Bronchial Tubes Nasal Passage: 1) Hairs filter out large foreign particles 2) Mucus on walls trap bacteria and dust 3) Moistens air 4) Blood moving through capillaries warm inhaled air Pharynx: Connects oral cavity to nasal passage Larynx: (Voice Box) Between pharynx to trachea Trachea through Bronchial tubes: - transports air to alveoli - walls produce mucus to trap bacteria and dust - cilia line walls and beat mucus upwards Alveoli • Are thin, moist and surrounded by capillaries • Are the functional units for gas exchange between the lung and the blood • Alveoli increase surface area for gas exchange • O2 diffuses into the blood from the alveoli and CO2 and water diffuse out of the blood and into the alveoli Bronchial Tube Alveoli Bronchiole (II) Breathing Process What part of the brain controls breathing? Medulla (involuntary behavior) To what is the medulla responding? Carbon Dioxide concentration in the blood Effects of Smoking: paralyzes cilia in the respiratory tract increases production of mucus (smokers cough) smoke particles eventually break down alveoli wall forming scar tissue. Lungs lose elasticity becoming less functional Smoke contains carcinogens (cause lung cancer) Healthy Lung Tissue Diseased Lung Tissue Disorders of the Respiratory System Asthma: - Severe allergic response - Contraction of bronchioles making breathing difficult - Fatigue Bronchitis: - inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes - results in a severe cough and difficulty breathing - fatigue Emphysema: - lungs lose elasticity - results in shortness of breath, difficulty breathing - fatigue Pneumonia: - alveoli become filled with fluid - prevents exchange of gases at alveoli - severe cough, chest pain - fatigue Lung Cancer: - tumors form in lungs (irregular uncontrolled cell growth) - lungs lose elasticity, breathing difficulty - fatigue (eventually death) Regulates body fluid composition Detoxification of blood Synthesis of bile Urea formation (amino acid break down) Epidermis Dermis Hair Follicle Fatty Tissue Sweat Gland Nerve Sebaceous Gland Sweat Glands: - Release perspiration - Sweat contains water, urea and salt Functions Excretion Regulation of body temperature Video 2 Kidney Function • Click the image to play the video segment. Functions Remove metabolic waste from the blood Salt, urea, (water) Regulates composition of body fluids Control concentration by eliminating/holding onto water Nephron: (functional unit) - 1.25 million per kidney Path of Urine Excretion: Kidney Ureters Urinary Bladder Urethra (boys and girls both have!) How do the kidneys maintain homeostasis? (How do the kidneys regulate blood/urine composition?) During exercise: After drinking: After eating salty chips: Causes of Kidney Disease: - infections - heart disease - toxic substances - environmental pollutants (heavy metals lead and mercury) - diets high in protein - crash diets Gout: -Excess uric acid crystals precipitate out of blood -into joints - cause is high protein diet (red meat) Kidney Threshold level: if the concentration of a substance in the blood exceeds a certain level, the excess is NOT reabsorbed… Problems: Diabetes: the blood sugar level is so high that glucose in the filtrate will not diffuse back into the blood stream…. so glucose is present in the urine. Kidney stones: hard mineral and crystalline material formed within the kidney or urinary tract. Dialysis: • When a set of kidneys don't do their job, their owner has what is called a chronic kidney condition. Eventually, those kidneys may be considered failing. Much like a filter system hooked up to a pool, dialysis gives the kidneys a break by skimming waste for them. • How does it work? A filtering machine is used to remove waste and extra fluid from your blood.