Transcript ASK Biology Review

ASK Biology Review
1. What are the five
characteristics of life?
1. All living things are made of cells or are
organized
2. All living things respond to stimuli
3. All living things take in and use energy
4. All living things grow and develop
5. All living things reproduce
2. What are the first 5 Levels of
Organization
1- cells
2- tissues
3- organs
4- organ systems
5- organism
3. How do the circulatory and
respiratory system work together?
• The heart pumps the
blood to the lungs,
where the blood cell
picks up oxygen.
• Then the heart pumps
the oxygenated blood
to the rest of the
body.
• The blood cell drops
off the oxygen and
picks up carbon
dioxide.
• The carbon dioxide is
dropped off in the
lungs, and it is exhaled
out of the body.
4. What are the jobs of these
organelles?
• Nucleus- controls the actions of the cell
• Cell membrane- outer covering of cells, controls
what moves into and out of cells
• Mitochondria- breaks down sugar and oxygen to
form energy
• Chloroplasts- only in plants, converts sun energy
into chemical energy (sugar) during photosynthesis.
5. What is mitosis and why does it
happen?
• Mitosis is cell division in any of our
body’s cells (except sex cells-egg
and sperm).
• It produces two cells that are
diploid (have a full set of identical
DNA as the parent cell)
• It allows our body to
• Grow bigger
• Replace damaged cells (like a skinned
knee)
• Reproduction (for asexual
reproduction)
GRR!
6. What is meiosis and why does
it happen?
• Meiosis is cell division in
our sex cells (egg and
sperm)
• It produces four cells with
HALF (haploid) the DNA of
the parent cell
• It happens so sex cells
(egg and sperm) can be
made for sexual
reproduction.
7. What is a prokaryotic cell?
• Prokaryotic-cells that have no membrane (“skin”)
bound nucleus
• DNA floats freely inside the cell
• Seen in the Monera Kingdom (bacteria)
8. What is a eukaryotic cell?
• Eukaryotic-cells with membrane (“skin”) bound
nucleus
• These are more complex cells than prokaryotic
• Seen in the protist, fungi, plant, and animal
kingdoms
9. Compare and contrast unicellular
and multicellular organisms
Both
• Do all five characteristics of life (grow, respond to
environment, reproduce, use energy, made of cells)
Unicellular
• One cell big
• Asexual reproduction only
• Monera and Protista Kingdom
Multicellular
• Multiple cells
• Cells are specialized (have specific assignments- bone, skin,
nerve cells, etc.) and work together
• Asexual or sexual reproduction
10. What is a producer?
• Any organism that can make (produce) its own
food- usually through photosynthesis.
• For example: Plants, algae, cyanobacteria
11. Explain what is happening in
this picture.
• The Sun’s light energy is
reaching the plant’s
chloroplasts. The plant uses
carbon dioxide, water, and sun
energy to produce oxygen and
food (sugar)
• This process is called
photosynthesis
12. What is a consumer?
• An organism that must consume (eat) another
organism because it is incapable of making food by
itself.
13. Explain how energy is flowing
through this ecosystem.
• Energy starts from the
sun.
• This energy flows to the
producer (plant) which
converts it to chemical
energy (food) and uses
energy to grow.
• The consumers eat the
plant and use the
chemical energy to
grow and store some of
it as chemical energy as
well.
14. What happens to a sandwich when
you eat it? How do the nutrients get
delivered to and used by our cells?
• Being consumers (not producers) humans must eat
food to get the energy we need to survive.
• Our mouth, stomach, and small intestines all
chemically and physically break down the food into
smaller particles.
• Our blood stream picks up the food molecules from
the small intestines and delivers it to cells around
the body.
• The mitochondria in the cells breaks down the
chemicals in the food to provide our body with
energy.
15. What is the main source of
energy for all life on Earth?
• The sun- all of our food energy can be traced back
to the sun.
16. What are the non living parts of
an ecosystem called?
• Abiotic- all the non-living
parts of an ecosystem. It
includes temperature,
sunlight, air, water, soil,
climate.
17. How would the ecosystem be
affected if you changed these abiotic
factors?
• Sunlight can change by seasons
or latitude making it cooler or
warmer
• Air can be windy or calm- this
can affect how seeds blow, how
dry/humid the area is
• Water can be plentiful
(flooding) or absent (drought)
• Soil can be fertile (lots of
growing) or poor (few plants
can grow)
18. Describe the following
interactions
• Producer/consumer- producers makes food (plant) Consumers eats food
(Animal) ex- grass is a producer, cow is a consumer
• Predator/prey- predator is one who hunts/eats another organism, prey is
the one who gets eaten. Ex- Shark is a predator, seal is the prey
• Parasite/host- parasite is one that lives or feeds on another organism
causing it harm, Host is who the parasite lives on and is hurt. Ex- A flea is
a parasite on a dog host.
• Scavenger/prey- Scavenger is one who eats dead organisms, prey is what
gets eaten. Ex- vultures are scavengers eating the dead zebra.
• Decomposer/prey- Decomposers break down dead or dying organisms
and help recycle the nutrients back into the soil. Ex- Mushrooms are
decomposing the dead tree branch.
• Mutualism- a symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit. Ex- a
bee in a flower. The flower gets pollinated, the bee gets pollen.
• Commensalism- a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits
and the other is not harmed or helped. Ex- Birds cleaning off nonparasitic bugs on large herbivores
19. Sexual vs. Asexual
reproduction
• Sexually produced organisms are genetically
different from their two parents.
• This produces unique organisms who may be more (or
less) resistant to disease, more (or less) intelligent, more
(or less) physical abilities, adaptable to environment,
etc.
• There is variety among the offspring.
• Asexually produced organisms are genetically
identical to their parent.
• Only one parent is required, does not promote evolution
of the species (unless due to a mutation)
20. How does sexual reproduction
help an organism evolve?
• Because the offspring a unique genetic blend of
both parents, they are going to have variations.
Some of those variations will be helpful to the
organism (opposable thumbs, better camouflage,
faster run). Over time, these helpful traits will help
the organism survive better and they will pass on
the helpful variations to their offspring.
21. What is extinction? How
could it occur?
• Extinction is when a species no longer exists on
earth.
• It can occur due to disease, a change in their
habitat or environment, over hunting, inability to
reproduce quickly, etc.
22. A bird is more closely related to a crocodile than to a
frog due to evolution.
The bird, crocodile, and frog all have vertebrae, a bony
skeleton, and four limbs in common. However, a bird
and a crocodile ALSO have amniotic eggs and eggs with
shells in common. A frog does not have these traits.
This chart helps illustrate how species are related.
Green (G) is dominant. Yellow (g) is recessive.
•Cross a heterozygous female with a yellow male.
•Female genotype__________
Gg
•Male genotype___________
gg
Offspring
23.
G
g
0
_____% homozygous green
g
Gg
gg
50
_____ % heterozygous green
g
Gg
gg
50
_____ % homozygous yellow
Red (R) is dominant. Blue (r) is recessive.
•Cross a homozygous red female with a purebred
blue male.
RR
•Female genotype__________
rr
•Male genotype___________
Offspring
24.
R
R
0
_____% homozygous green
r
Rr
Rr
100
_____ % heterozygous green
r
Rr
Rr
0
_____ % homozygous yellow
25. Are these punnett squares
asexual or sexual reproduction?
• It shows us sexual reproduction because it involved
two parents contributing genetic information to a
single offspring. That offspring is genetically
different from the parents.
• Punnett squares represent all the possible
combination of genes for a train for offspring
produced through sexual reproduction.