Transcript ADULT ED - Londonderry School District

ADULT ED
LIFE SCIENCE
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Safety contract
Scientific method
Human body: anatomy & physiology
Cell
Scientific Method
• A logical orderly way to solve a problem
• Steps
– Define problem
– Research
– Form Hypothesis
– Test Hypothesis (Experiment)
– Observe and collect data
– Form Conclusion
– Report findings
Cell
Composite Animal Cell
http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm
RED BLOOD CELLS
web.jjay.cuny.edu
PLANT CELL
web.jjay.cuny.edu
PLANT CELL
web.jjay.cuny.edu
BACTERIA CELL
web.jjay.cuny.edu
PROTISTA
web.jjay.cuny.edu
Microscope
http://www.microscope-microscope.org/basic/microscope-parts.htm
Cell Theory
• All living things are composed of at least
one cell
• Cells are the basic unit of anatomy
(structure) and physiology (function)
• Cells come only from pre-existing cells
• Exceptions:
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Cell types
Cell processes
Mitosis
Tissue types
Transportation
• Diffusion
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– MOLECULES MOVE FROM A HIGH TO A LOW
CONCENTRATION; NO ENERGY USED
• Osmosis
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– DIFFUSION OF WATER
• Active transport
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– USES ENERGY
Mitosis
• Cell division
http://www.uoguelph.ca/zoology/devobio/210labs/mitosis1.html
Respiration
Occurs in mitochondria:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
ENZYMES
• PROTEINS: RIBOSOMES
• ALLOW REACTIONS TO TAKE PLACE AT
BODY TEMPERATURE
• CATALYSTS: ALLOW REACTION TO TAKE
PLACE BUT AREN’T CHANGED: CAN BE
USED OVER
• LOCK-AND-KEY MODEL: ONE ENZYME PER
SUBSTRATE
• AFFECTED BY: TEMPERATURE; AMOUNT OF
SUBSTRATE; AMOUNT OF ENZYME; pH;
CHROMOSOMES
• DNA- MAKES UP CHROMOSOMES;
CARRIES GENES
• GENES= CODE FOR THE DIFFERENT
CHARACTERISTICS AND PROTEINS
• DNA BASES:
– A-T
– G-C
• mRNA CARRIES CODE TO MAKE THE
PROTEIN AT THE RIBOSOMES
DNA VS RNA
• DNA: DOUBLE STRAND; HELIX; A-T;
G-C; VERY LONG; STAYS IN NUCLEUS;
RNA: SINGLE STRAND; U REPLACES T;
LEAVES NUCLEUS; 3 TYPES: mRNA;
tRNA; rRNA;
DNA REPLICATION
•MAKES NEW DNA
•OCCURS JUST BEFORE
MITOSIS
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
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COPIES DNA CODE ONTO mRNA
mRNA TRAVELS TO RIBOSOME
tRNA CARRIES AMINO ACIDS
rRNA HELPS tRNA AND mRNA
PROTEINS ASSEMBLED
RNA HAS U INSTEAD OF T (A-U)
mRNA CODON AND COMBIINES WITH
ANTICODON OF tRNA
CELL PROCESSES
• Nutrition= for energy and building blocks
• Digestion= breakdown food to smaller nutrients for
diffusion
• Absorption= pick up nutrients into body
• Biosynthesis= organize own matter, organic substances
• Respiration= energy release
• Excretion= waste removal
• Secretion= release of good molecules
• Response= react to stimuli
• Reproduction= produce new ‘like’ cells
Anatomy & Physiology
• Anatomy:
– The study of the structures of the body
• Physiology:
– The study of the functions of the parts of the
body
ORGANIZATION OF LIVING
THINGS
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CELL(S)
TISSUE
ORGAN
ORGAN SYSTEM
ORGANISM
CELL
• BASIC UNIT OF STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION
TISSUE
• A GROUP OF SIMILAR CELLS ALL
DOING THE SAME JOB
TISSUES
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EPITHELIAL
CONNECTIVE
MUSCLE
NERVOUS
EPITHELIAL
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithelium
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connective_tissue
MUSCLE TISSUE
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_tissue
NERVOUS TISSUE
http://biology.about.com/library/weekly/aa020101a.htm
ORGAN
• A GROUP OF DIFFERENT TISSUES ALL
DOING THE SAME JOB
ORGAN SYSTEMS
• A GROUP OF TISSUES AND ORGANS
WORKING TOGETHER
ORGANISM
• WHOLE LIVING THING
SYSTEMS
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INTEGUMENTARY
MUSCULAR
SKELETAL
RESPIRATORY
DIGESTIVE
ENDOCRINE
CARDIOVASCULAR
NERVOUS
IMMUNE
EXCRETORY
REPRODUCTIVE
Body Planes
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Planes
Body Cavities
Dorsal
cavity
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_cavities
Skeletal System
• Functions:
– Support/Shape
– Muscle attachment: movement
– Protection
– Store minerals
• Calcium
http://hes.ucfsd.org/gclaypo/skelweb/skel04.html
Joints
• Synarthrosis- immoveable
• Amphiarthrosis- slightly moveable
• Diarthrosis- freely moveable
Synovial Joints: Freely moveable
• Hinge:
http://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/JOINTS.HTML
Saddle
http://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/JOINTS.HTML
Pivot
http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/instruct/tcolvill/135/joints.htm
Ball and Socket
http://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/JOINTS.HTML
Gliding
http://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/JOINTS.HTML
Joints
http://library.thinkquest.org/J0111100/graphics/joints.html
• http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/
body/factfiles/joints/ball_and_socket_joint.
shtml
Muscular System
• Types:
– Cardiac
– Smooth
– Skeletal
Cardiac
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Found in heart
Striated
3D
Can contract on own
Involuntary
Smooth
• Nonstriated
• Involuntary
• Found in hollow organs
Skeletal Muscle
• Attached to bone
• Involuntary
• Striated
Function: Muscular System
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Movement
Posture
Stabilize body
Generate heat
Integumentary System
• Skin
Functions
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Protection
Water proofing
Heat regulation
Excretion of sweat
Heat Regulation
• More internal heat Increase blood flow
to skin Increases loss of heat through
skin
• Les internal heat Decrease blood flow to
skin  Decreases loss of heat through
skin
http://www.healthy-skin-guide.com/skin-diagram.html
Circulatory System
• Heart
• Vessels
• Blood
Heart Function
• Pump blood through body
http://www.childrensheartinstitute.org/educate/heartwrk/bloodflw.htm
Blood Vessels
• Arteries  from heart (thickest)
• Veins  to heart
• Capillaries  to cells; between arteries
and veins; allow diffusion (thinnest)
http://www.unm.edu/~jimmy/vessels.jpg
Blood
• For transportation: nutrients to cells;
wastes from cells; heat
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cell
Macrophage
Red blood cell
Monocyte
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cell
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• LUNGS
– GAS EXCHANGE
– OXYGEN IN/ CARBON DIOXIDE OUT
http://www.patient.co.uk/diagram/Lung-and-bronchi.htm
ALVEOLI
http://www.patient.co.uk/diagram/Lungs-and-alveoli.htm
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• GASTRO INTESTINAL TRACT
• TO MAKE FOOD SMALL ENOUGH TO
ABSORB (DIFFUSION/ACTIVE
TRANSPORT)
MECHANICAL DIGESTION
• MOUTH: TEETH
• STOMACH: MUSCLE
CHEMICAL DIGESTION
• MOUTH: STARCH
• STOMACH: PROTEIN
• SMALL INTESTINE: FINISHES
DIGESTION OF STARCH;
DISACHARIDES; PROTEIN; FATS;
• LIVER AND PANCREAS SECRETE
ENZYMES INTO SMALL INTESTINES
ABSORPTION
• VILLI OF SMALL INTESTINES
http://www.genesishealth.com/services/bariatric-surgery/digestive_diagram.aspx
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
• To remove metabolic waste (waste
produced by the reactions of the
body/cells)
• Organs:
– Lungs (CO2; H2O)
– Skin/sweat glands (H2O;Urea;Salt)
– Urinary system: kidneys, urinary bladder;
(H2O;Urea;Salt;Excess material)
http://www.stockmedicalart.com/medicalartlibrary/urinary-system-diagram.html
NEPHRON
http://www.ivy-rose.co.uk/HumanBody/Urinary/Urinary_System_Nephron_Diagram.php
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• To monitor homeostasis; pick up cganges
in internal and external environment;
control other systems
• Organs: Brain: Cerebrum; Cerebellum;
Brain Stem
http://www.brainhealthandpuzzles.com/diagram_of_brain.html