Transcript A cladogram shows that all chordates evolved from

A cladogram shows that all
chordates evolved from
1. tunicates and
lancelets.
2. dinosaur
ancestors.
3. fishes.
4. a common
ancestor.
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Pikaia was an early
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
worm.
fish.
chordate.
lancelet.
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A flexible, supporting structure
found only in chordates is the
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
nerve net.
notochord.
pharyngeal slits.
dorsal fin.
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Vertebrae are characteristic of
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
worms.
all chordates.
vertebrates only.
reptiles only.
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Which of the following animals is
NOT a nonvertebrate chordate?
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
Pikaia
worm
lancelet
tunicate
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3
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5
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1
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3
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4
Which of the following pairs of modern
chordate groups contains the most closely
related groups?
1. hagfishes and
lungfishes
2. lampreys and rayfinned fishes
3. birds and
crocodilians
4. sharks and the
coelacanth
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Convergent evolution is the
process that produces
1.
species that are similar in
appearance and behavior but not
closely related.
unrelated species that are different
in appearance and behavior.
closely related species that are
similar in appearance and behavior.
closely related species that are
different in appearance and
behavior.
2.
3.
4.
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3
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4
The sugar glider is an Australian marsupial. The eastern
flying squirrel is a North American placental mammal. Both
animals are nocturnal, live in trees, and can glide through
the air using a flap of skin that stretches between the legs
on each side of the body. The resemblance between these
two animals is an example of
1. oviparous
development.
2. ectothermy.
3. chordate diversity.
4. convergent
evolution.
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A rapid growth in the diversity of a group of
organisms as they adapt to new conditions
is called a(an)
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1. cladogram.
2. ecological
condition.
3. adaptive radiation.
4. evolutionary
history.
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The largest living group of
chordates is the
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
amphibians.
fishes.
mammals.
birds.
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3
4
5
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1
25%
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2
3
25%
4
Compared with the number of extinct
chordate species, the number of living
chordate species is
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much larger.
slightly larger.
the same.
much smaller.
1.
2.
3.
4.
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4
Essential life functions are carried out most
efficiently when an animal’s internal body
temperature is
1. insulated.
2. regulated by the
environment.
3. the same as its
external
temperature.
4. within a particular
“operating range.”
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In vertebrates, each of the following is
important in regulating body temperature
EXCEPT a
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1. source of heat.
2. way of conserving
heat.
3. long digestive
tract.
4. method of
eliminating heat.
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Suppose a terrestrial vertebrate has an optimal body
temperature of 37°C but lives in an environment where the
air temperature is 40°C. Which of the following is the most
important requirement for that vertebrate to control its body
temperature?
25%
1.
2.
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conserving body heat
eliminating excess body
heat
maintaining a high,
steady production of
body heat
absorbing heat easily
from its environment
3.
4.
1
1
25%
2
3
4
5
2
3
4
Which of the following help
mammals retain body heat?
1. hair and sweat
glands
2. hair and body fat
3. bones and sweat
glands
4. bones and body
fat
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5
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25%
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3
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4
Panting is a behavior that is
seen most often in
1.
endotherms that need to
cool down.
endotherms that need to
warm up.
ectotherms that need to
warm up.
ectotherms that are at
their ideal body
temperature.
2.
3.
4.
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5
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3
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If each of the following vertebrates had a body temperature
of 37°C and was placed in a cage where the air
temperature was 30°C, which vertebrate would have the
lowest rate of heat exchange with the air?
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
a hamster
a lizard
a frog
a snake
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1
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The main difference between
ectotherms and endotherms is
1.
the source of their body
heat.
how they obtain food to
provide for their
metabolism.
whether they control
their body temperature.
whether they conserve
or eliminate body heat.
2.
3.
4.
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4
Filter feeders include all of the
following EXCEPT
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
lancelets.
flamingoes.
crocodiles.
baleen whales.
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3
4
5
25%
1
25%
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2
3
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4
Raccoons are omnivores, which means that they eat both
meat and plant material. If you compared the digestive tract
of a raccoon with that of a similar-sized herbivore and a
similar-sized carnivore, the raccoon’s digestive tract would
most likely
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1.
2.
3.
be the shortest of the three.
be the longest of the three.
have a length intermediate between
the herbivore and the carnivore.
be the same length as the other
two.
4.
1
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5
2
3
4
Colonies of bacteria in the
intestines of a cow are helpful in
1. digesting cellulose
fibers.
2. producing enzymes
that digest meat.
3. straining plankton
from water.
4. tearing and slicing
food.
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Which of the following vertebrates
has a heart with four chambers?
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
a salamander
a lizard
a goldfish
a cow
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1
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4
What is the general rule regarding
respiratory organs in chordates?
1.
Aquatic chordates use lungs, and
land vertebrates use gills.
Aquatic chordates use lungs and
gills, and land vertebrates use gills.
Aquatic chordates use gills, and land
vertebrates use lungs.
Aquatic chordates use gills, and land
vertebrates use lungs and gills.
2.
3.
4.
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Chordate respiratory structures
include all of the following EXCEPT
1. simple air sacs.
2. the medulla
oblongata.
3. the surface of the
skin.
4. the lining of the
mouth.
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4
When a fish respires, water flows in through
which of the following patterns?
1.
in through the gill slits, over the gill 25%
filaments, and out through the mouth
in through the gill filaments, over the
gill slits, and out through the mouth
in through the mouth, over the gill slits,
and out through the gill filaments
in through the mouth, over the gill
filaments, and out through the gill slits
2.
3.
4.
1
1
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3
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5
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2
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3
25%
4
Which of the following happens
in the alveoli?
1.
Oxygen diffuses into the blood, and 25%
carbon dioxide diffuses into the air.
Carbon dioxide diffuses into the blood,
and oxygen diffuses into the air.
Both oxygen and carbon dioxide
diffuse into the blood.
Both oxygen and carbon dioxide
diffuse into the air.
2.
3.
4.
1
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3
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5
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2
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3
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4
The main difference between an amphibian
lung and a reptilian lung is that
1.
an amphibian lung has a greater
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surface area for gas exchange.
a reptilian lung has a greater surface
area for gas exchange.
an amphibian lung contains
thousands of alveoli, but a reptilian
lung does not.
a reptilian lung is connected to air
sacs, but an amphibian lung is not.
2.
3.
4.
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4
The most efficient vertebrate
lungs are found in
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
amphibians.
reptiles.
birds.
mammals.
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3
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1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
Adult frogs breathe by using all
of the following EXCEPT
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
their gills.
their moist skin.
their lungs.
the lining of their
mouth and
pharynx.
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3
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1
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3
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4
In a single-loop circulatory
system, the atrium
1. receives the blood from the
body.
2. pumps blood to the gills.
3. pumps blood to the lungs.
4. pumps blood throughout the
entire body.
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3
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4
A single-loop circulatory system
is characteristic of
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
fishes.
amphibians.
most reptiles.
crocodilians.
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3
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4
If a vertebrate has a circulatory system that carries
oxygen-rich blood directly from the heart to the
muscles, that vertebrate could be a
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
bony fish.
cartilaginous fish.
larval amphibian.
mammal.
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4
The heart of a fish has
1. one atrium and one
ventricle.
2. one atrium and two
ventricles.
3. two atria and one
ventricle.
4. two atria and two
ventricles.
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3
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5
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1
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2
3
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4
Ammonia is excreted by all of
the following EXCEPT
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
larval amphibians.
tunicates.
most reptiles.
most fishes.
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3
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5
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1
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2
3
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4
Animal X excretes nitrogenous wastes as
uric acid and has a well-developed
cerebrum. Animal X is a
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1. cartilaginous fish.
2. crocodilian.
3. mammal.
4. bird.
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5
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4
In tunicates, some nitrogenous wastes
leave the body in the form of
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
urea.
ammonia.
uric acid.
protein.
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3
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5
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1
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3
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4
Suppose a mammal is born with a defect in
its medulla oblongata. Which of the following
functions is most likely to be affected?
1. ability to detect
odors
2. ability to analyze
objects by sight
3. control of the lungs,
heart, or digestive
tract
4. conscious thought
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The simplest chordates that
have cephalization as adults are
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
lancelets.
fishes.
amphibians.
reptiles.
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3
4
5
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1
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2
3
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4
All chordates have
1. a bony skeleton.
2. pharyngeal
pouches.
3. a backbone.
4. fin girdles or limb
girdles.
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3
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5
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1
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2
3
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4
When a fish swims by bending its body and tail from side to
side, the swimming movement is produced mainly by the
contraction of muscles located in
25%
1.
25%
2
3
25%
limbs that stick out
sideways from the body.
limbs that are attached
straight under the body.
a siphon through which
water leaves the body.
blocks on either side of
the backbone.
2.
3.
4.
1
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2
3
4
5
1
4
A function of ligaments in a
backbone is to
1.
generate forward thrust during
swimming.
keep the backbone straight and rigid.
connect the vertebrae.
make the body bend back and forth.
2.
3.
4.
1
2
3
4
5
25% 25% 25% 25%
1
2
3
4
The sets of bones that support the
limbs of vertebrates are called
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
opercula.
limb girdles.
ligaments.
vertebrae.
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3
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5
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2
3
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4
Sexual reproduction occurs in
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
fishes.
amphibians.
mammals.
all of the above
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3
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5
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3
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4
Embryos obtain nutrients from
the yolk inside the egg in
1. oviparous and ovoviviparous
animals.
2. viviparous and ovoviviparous
animals.
3. viviparous and oviparous
animals.
4. viviparous animals only.
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5
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2
3
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4
Reproduction in most mammals
involves
1.
internal fertilization and
ovoviviparous development.
internal fertilization and viviparous
development.
external fertilization and oviparous
development.
external fertilization and either
oviparous or ovoviviparous
development.
2.
3.
4.
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3
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5
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3
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4
The notochord is a supporting structure that
is found only in chordates.
_________________________
1. True
50%
50%
2. False
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
The simplest living animals to have all four
chordate characteristics are the larvae of
frogs. _________________________
1. True
50%
50%
2. False
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
In a cladogram of modern chordates, endothermy
is the adaptation that separates reptiles, birds, and
mammals from other chordate groups.
_________________________
50%
50%
1. True
2. False
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
The ability of birds and bats to fly is an
example of convergent evolution.
_________________________
1. True
50%
50%
2. False
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
More than 90 percent of all chordates living
today are vertebrates.
_________________________
1. True
50%
50%
2. False
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
The largest group of chordates is the
fishes. _________________________
1. True
2. False
1
2
3
4
50%
5
1
50%
2
The ability of a vertebrate to regulate its body temperature
is especially important in a habitat where the temperature
remains constant throughout the year.
_________________________
1. True
2. False
1
2
3
4
50%
5
1
50%
2
A vertebrate that has a low rate of metabolism and
a body that is not well insulated is probably an
endotherm. _________________________
1. True
2. False
1
2
3
4
50%
5
1
50%
2
Animals that control their body temperatures
from within are called ectotherms.
_________________________
1. True
50%
50%
2. False
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
Endotherms generate their body heat by
metabolic activity.
_________________________
1. True
50%
50%
2. False
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
The surface area of the lungs increases as
you move from amphibians to mammals.
_________________________
1. True
50%
50%
2. False
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
The only reptiles that have four-chambered
hearts are snakes.
_________________________
1. True
50%
50%
2. False
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
Chordates in which eggs develop outside
the body are called viviparous.
_________________________
1. True
50%
50%
2. False
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
If a vertebrate has a four-chambered heart and excretes
nitrogenous wastes as urea, that vertebrate is most likely a
bird. _________________________
1. True
2. False
1
2
3
4
50%
5
1
50%
2
Internal fertilization and viviparous
development are characteristics of most
mammals. _________________________
1. True
50%
50%
2. False
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
Participant Scores
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Participant 1
Participant 2
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Participant 4
Participant 5
The chordate family tree has its roots in
ancestors that vertebrates share with
tunicates and ____________________.
1
2
3
4
5
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If the fossil record indicates that the number of species in a
particular group of animals increased sharply during a
given period, that group probably underwent
________________________ at that time.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
One example of ____________________ evolution is
provided by penguins and seals, both of which hunt in the
ocean and have streamlined bodies and flipperlike
appendages.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
In environments in which temperatures are high and fairly
constant most of the time, ____________________ is a
more energy-efficient method of controlling body
temperature.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
A(An) ____________________ is an animal whose body
temperature is controlled mainly by the transfer of heat
between its body and its surroundings.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
An animal that strains small pieces of food
from the water is called a(an)
____________________.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
In a vertebrate with lungs, the ____________________
functions as a passageway through which air enters and
leaves the lungs.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
In a mammalian lung, gas exchange occurs
inside bubblelike structures called
____________________.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
In the lungs of a(an) ____________________,
gas-exchange surfaces are always in contact with
air that contains much oxygen.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
In a frog, the heart chamber that contains
blood with the highest concentration of
oxygen is the ____________________.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
If an animal has a four-chambered heart, it
has a(an) ____________________-loop
circulatory system.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Aquatic amphibians and most fishes excrete
nitrogenous wastes in the form of
____________________.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
The region of your brain that you use to
determine the answers to test questions is
the ____________________.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
A bird cannot fly with a badly damaged
____________________, because this part of the brain
controls a bird’s sense of balance and movement.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Animals whose embryos obtain nutrition directly
from the mother’s body are said to have
____________________ development.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Identify four features common to
all chordates.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
The oxygen concentration on one side of a gill membrane
(side A) is 0.05 percent. The oxygen concentration on the
other side of the gill membrane (side B) is 0.5 percent. In
which direction will oxygen molecules move?
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
If two extinct but unrelated species of chordates shared
many adaptations, what could you infer about the
ecological conditions those species encountered?
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
List three features that are included in the
ways in which all vertebrates control their
body temperature.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Some species of fish that live in the Arctic Ocean will die if the water
temperature exceeds 10°C. This temperature is called the lethal
temperature for that species. How would the lethal temperature of a
related species of fish that lives in tropical waters compare to the lethal
temperature of the Arctic species?
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Why is it advantageous for birds to use
feathers instead of body fat as a primary
means of insulation?
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Animals A and B are terrestrial vertebrates of the same size. One is an
ectotherm, and the other is an endotherm. The resting metabolic rate of
animal A is five times that of animal B. Using this information, state
which animal is the ectotherm and briefly explain your decision.
1
2
3
4
5
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Why is it illogical to say that the simple
organ systems of a tunicate must be inferior
to the organ systems of a mammal?
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
In what ways other than length do the
digestive tracts of carnivores and herbivores
differ?
1
2
3
4
5
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The goosefish is a sluggish, bottom-living fish. The mackerel is a highly
active, fast-swimming fish. If you compared the gill surface area in
these two fishes, after adjusting for the fishes’ body size, what would
you expect to find?
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
How are the alveoli in a mammalian lung
analogous to the folds in a mammalian
cerebrum?
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Describe the basic pathways of the two
loops in a double-loop circulatory system.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
List two functions of vertebrate
kidneys.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Describe the functions of the optic lobes and
olfactory bulbs in a vertebrate brain.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Contrast movement in larval
and adult tunicates.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Suppose you are studying two species of chordates that
share a particular adaptation. What would you need to
know to determine whether this sharing was the result of
convergent evolution?
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Why is the control of body temperature
important for vertebrates?
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Describe two hypotheses concerning the evolution
of endothermy in vertebrates. What does the
evidence on this issue suggest?
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of being an
endotherm and an ectotherm in an environment where the
air temperature drops to an average of 5°C during the
winter.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
The basic features of temperature control in a house are a furnace;
insulation in the walls, floor, and ceiling; and one or more doors and
windows that open to the outside. Describe the analogous features in
an endotherm and explain their roles in temperature control.
1
2
3
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The skin of most amphibians is richly supplied with
capillaries. The skin of most reptiles, in contrast, does not
have such a dense network of capillaries. Explain the
functional importance of this difference.
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Contrast the respiratory
systems of mammals and birds.
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Describe the major differences among the
chambers of the heart in the five main
groups of vertebrates.
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In a mammalian heart, how does the total volume of blood
that the right ventricle pumps in one hour compare with the
total volume that the left ventricle pumps during the same
period? Explain your reasoning
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Describe the forms in which nitrogenous
wastes are eliminated in different groups of
chordates.
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