Transcript whale devil

Chapter 14
Vertebrates - Part I
Fish, Amphibians & Reptiles
Ch 14.1 – Chordates & Vertebrates
A. Chordates have 4 characteristics
present at some stage of their
development:
- Notochord
- Postanal Tail
- Nerve Cord
- Pharyngeal Pouches
1. The internal notochord extends along
the length of the body supporting it
a) It extends to the postanal tail which is
a muscular structure at end of the body
Postanal Tail
2. A nerve cord develops parallel to the
notochord and becomes the brain and
spinal cord
a) If the animal is a vertebrate, the
notochord will be replaced by backbones
that surround and protect the nerve cord
3. Pharyngeal pouches are found in a
region b/w the mouth and digestive tube
and will develop into lungs or gills
B. Vertebrates are chordates that have
some additional distinctive characteristics
1. Have an endoskeleton which includes
a stack of vertebrae and cartilage that
forms the backbone
a) Backbone protects
spinal nerve cord
b) Skull protects the
brain
2. Vertebrates are either cold-blooded
ectotherms or warm-blooded endotherms
3. Vertebrates appeared in various stages
beginning with water dwelling animals
about 420 million years ago to as
recently as 38 million years ago when
modern mammals appeared
Ch 14.2 - Fish
A. Fish Characteristics - ectotherms with
streamline shape
1. Breathing & Respiration
a) Gills – used for gas exchange
(breathing) in water
b) Oxygenated blood pumped through a
small two-chambered heart
2. Sensory systems are well developed
a) Lateral line system of pores on the
side of body allows to sense slightest
water movements around them
3. Tail & Fins
a) Muscular tail used to propel forward
b) Fins used for steering
4. Scales – attached to endoskeleton;
cover and protect the body
Placoid Scales
(Sharks)
Cosmoid Scales
(Lungfish)
Ganoid scales
(Gar)
Ctenoid Scales
(Paradise Fish)
Cycloid Scales
(Perch)
Dried Scale
w/Annuli Rings
5. Feeding Adaptations – use variety of
structures including beaks, electric shock,
and filter feeding
Lamprey
Whale Shark
Parrot Fish
Electric Eel
6. Reproduction
1. Sexual reproduction used and
offspring develop in eggs
2. Some use external fertilization while
others use internal fertilization
B. Classification of Fish (3 groups)
1. Jawless Fish
a) Round, jawless, toothed mouths
b) Long, tube-like bodies
c) Slimy, scaleless skin
d) Endoskeleton of cartilage
e) Examples: Hagfish & Lamprey
2. Cartilaginous Fish
a) Moveable jaws
b) Endoskeleton of cartilage
c) Well developed teeth
d) Tiny scales that make skin feel like
sandpaper
e) Examples: Sharks, Skates & Rays
3. Bony Fish
a) Make up 95% of fish species
b) Endoskeleton made of bone
c) Most have swim bladder to allow
control of buoyancy to rise or fall in water
d) 3 types of bony fish
 Lobe-finned – have fleshy, lobe-like fins
Coelocanth
 Lungfish – have one lung and gills
allowing them to live in shallow water
African lungfish
 Ray-finned – have fins made of long, thin
bones covered with skin; lots of variety in
body plans
C. Importance of Fish
1. Provide food for many animals
2. Help keep insect populations in balance
Ch 14.3 - Amphibians
A. Amphibian Characteristics – from Greek
word amphibos meaning “double life”
1. Ectotherms most with smooth skin
2. Some breath through pores in skin;
others have small simple lungs in chest
3. Have a 3-chambered heart
Characteristics Continued
3. Engage in hibernation during Winter and
estivation during Summer
4. Require water for reproduction; eggs are
fertilized externally in or near water
5. Undergo developmental process called
metamorphosis
Amphibian Metamorphosis
B. Types of Amphibians
1. Frogs – have well developed leg
muscles for jumping and swimming;
able to see in nearly all directions
Leopard Frog
More Frogs
Green Tree Frog
Barking Tree Frog
Horned Frog
Bronze Frog
Red-Eyed Tree Frog
African Dwarf Frog
And More…
Chorus Frog
Green Frog
Bullfrog Tadpole
Bullfrog
Poison Dart Frogs
2. Toads – have shorter hind legs and
dryer, bumpy skin
American
Toad
Fact or Fiction:
You get warts from touching a toad…
False!!
More Toads
Australian
Cane Toad
Fowler’s Toad
Southern Toad
American Toad
3. Salamanders – nocturnal amphibians
that resemble lizards but have smooth,
moist skin instead of scales
Tiger Salamander
More Salamanders
Black Salamander
Not yet named
Spotted Salamander
Cave Salamander
3-lined Salamander
Slender Salamander
Salamander
Metamorphosis
Have feathery external
gills during tadpole
stages
4. Newts – salamanders that remain living
under water for much of their adult lives
Eastern Newts
C. Importance of Amphibians
1. Help keep insect populations in balance
2. Provide food for other animals
3. Very sensitive to pollution and other
environmental changes so can be used
as biological indicators
E. Amphibian Evolution
1. Thought to have evolved from lobefinned fish about 350 million years ago
Ch 14.4 - Reptiles
A. Reptile Characteristics
1. Ectotherms with thick, dry skin
covered in scales
a) Skin may be
shed several
times each year
2. Respiration & Breathing
a) Reptiles are land animals that breath
with lungs
b) Blood is circulated through
a 3-chambered heart for most
however crocodilians have 4
3. Reproduction
a) Internal fertilization is used and eggs
are then laid by the female
b) Produce amniotic eggs which provide
a complete environment for the embryo’s
development
4. Diversity – reptiles live on every
continent except Antarctica and in all but
polar oceans
B. Reptiles are placed into 3 groups:
 Lizards & Snakes
 Turtles
 Crocodilians
1. Lizards
a) elongated bodies with 4 legs,
b) external ears
c) unhinge able jaw for swallowing prey
d) more than 5000 species
Lizards…
Anoles
Chameleon
iguana
More Lizards…
Amphisbaenia (Legless)
Thorny Devil
Gecko
And More…
Fence Lizard
And Even More…
Texas Horned Lizard
Horned Toad (Short-Horned Lizard)
And More Again…
Broadhead Skink
Ground Skink
Frilled Lizard
Venomous Lizards
Gila Monster
Beaded Lizard
Komodo Dragon
2. Snakes
a) More than 2700 species
b) Elongated bodies with no legs
c) Can unhinge jaw for feeding
d) All have teeth but the poisonous ones
have fangs which are hollow teeth that
venom is released from to kill their prey
e) Snakes do not have outer ears for
hearing sound waves, however they can
sense vibrations created by movements
f) Some can smell with nose but ALL can
detect scent molecules with their tongue;
when brought back into mouth
molecules touch Jacobson’s organ on
roof of mouth which interprets smell
"I smell you!"
g) Some have a heat-sensitive pit organ
between each eye and nostril which
together help it accurately aim its strike
at its warm-blooded prey
Non-venomous Snakes
Ribbon Snake
Garter Snake
Green Snake
Racer
Rat Snake
Scarlet King
More Non-venomous…
Corn Snake
Corn Snake
Hognose Snake
Rubber Boa
Hognose Snake
Coachwhip
Boa Constrictors
(Non-Venomous)
 Have Pit Organs
Pythons
Related to Boa Constrictors – (Non-Venomous)
Anacondas
AKA Water Boas
(Another non-venomous constrictor)
Venomous Snakes
Rattlesnakes
AKA Vipers
Water Moccasins/
Cottonmouths
Copperheads
Coral Snakes
Cobras
King Cobra – world’s largest poisonous snake
3.Turtles – have a 2 part shell made of a
hard bony plate that protects from
predators
4. Crocodilians – lizard shaped with large
deep scales on backs; 3 groups
a) Crocodiles – triangular shaped snout
b) Alligators – rounded snout
c) Gavials – slender snout w/bump on end;
found in water ways of India
C. Reptile Importance – necessary
predators to keep the insect population
under control
D. Reptile Evolution – first appeared in
fossil record about 345 million years ago;
are decedents of dinosaurs
http://search.live.com/images/results.aspx?
q=brown+anole&form=QBIR#focal=b09baf
9d735ad91de4e705d0e707fce7&furl=http
%3A%2F%2Fwww.wildflorida.com%2Fwild
life%2Flizards%2Fimages%2FBrownAnole
head463.jpg
http://www.wildflorida.com/wildlife/lizards/B
rown_Anole.php