Transcript asdfs
Classification & Introduction to Animals Chapter 18 & Chapter 34 The science of naming and grouping organisms based on their similarities and evolutionary history is called ________________ taxonomy According to Aristotle, all living things could be divided into these 2 groups: Plants and animals Which scientist developed the system of naming organisms with a genus and species name? Carolus Linnaeus His 2 name naming system is called __________ ____________ Binomial nomenclature If you remove cells from an early __________________ embryo the deuterostome remaining cells can still make the whole organism. Deuterostome Protostome Silly phrase that will help you to remember the 7 hierarchy levels in Linnaeus’s classification system. Kids prefer cheese over fried green spinach. Kings play chess on fat green stools. Kids playing “chicken” on freeways get squished. You just need one to help you remember the sequence! The scientific name for red maple is Acer rubrum. The part of its name that is the SPECIES IDENTIFIER is ________ rubrum Name the 3 germ layers that form in early embryos. endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm The top surface or back of an animal is the _____________ side. dorsal Dorsal ventral anterior posterior Another name for the space inside an animal’s body that contains the body organs is the ___________________ coelom Which of the 6 Kingdoms will ZOOLOGY class be focusing on this year? ANIMALIA A _____________ Phylogenetic treeis a diagram used by the 6 kingdom system that shows the evolutionary relationships between groups of organisms. The correct way to write the scientific name for lion is ________ Panthera leo panthera leo Panthera Leo Panthera leo Panthera leo or Panthera leo 1st name capitalized, 2nd name lower case, both italicized or underlined This diagram that uses “shared derived characters” to group organisms based on evolutionary characteristics is called a cladogram ___________ In some organisms the blastopore _______________ in the embryo becomes the ANTERIOR END of the digestive system (mouth) in others it becomes the POSTERIOR END of the digestive system (anus). NAME THE TYPE OF CLEAVAGE http://www.zo.utexas.edu/faculty/sjasper/images/so28_04.gif radial What do we call organisms with this type of cleavage? DEUTEROSTOMES Protostomes Deuterostomes Name the 6 Kingdoms used to classify organisms today Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia The correct scientific name for humans is _______ Homo ________ sapiens (OR Homo sapiens) Echinoderms (like starfish) are thought to be more closely related to vertebrates than to other invertebrates (like mollusks) because _________________________ * they have a spinal cord like vertebrates * their blastopore becomes their anus like vertebrates * they both belong to the Protist Kingdom * Echinoderms and vertebrates all have pseudocoeloms The blastopore becomes the anus in BOTH vertebrates and echinoderms. It becomes the mouth in all other invertebrates. Name three kinds of evidence modern taxonomists might look at when classifying an organism Morphology Fossil record Embryology patterns Chromosomes (karyotype) Macromolecule sequences (DNA or amino acids in proteins) PROTOSTOME? DEUTEROSTOME? DEUTEROSTOMES Indeterminate radial cleavage ______________________ PROTOSTOMES Determinate spiral cleavage _______________________ PROTOSTOMES Blastopore becomes mouth _____________________ Blastopore becomes anus DEUTEROSTOMES ______________________ PROTOSTOMES Can’t make identical twins _______________________ DEUTEROSTOMES Can make identical twins _______________________ DEUTEROSTOMES Includes all vertebrates plus echinoderms __________________________ PROTOSTOMES Includes all invertebrates except echinoderms ________________________ In Linnaeus’s hierarchy PHYLUM is division is used for animals and __________ used when classifying plants. The evolutionary history of an phylogeny organism is called ____________ List the 7 levels of Linnaeus’s classification hierarchy starting with the most general Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species What is the advantage of having a true eucoelom? Animal can move body muscles without interfering with its digestion Removing cells from an ____________ protostome embryo will result in an organism with parts missing and the organism will die. deterostome protostome These groups are: A. Levels in Linnaeus’s hierarchy B. Modern Kingdoms used to classify organisms C. Domains in the 3 Domain system D. Cladistic groups Modern KINGDOMS used to classify organisms In most invertebrates like (mollusks, worms, & arthropods) the blastopore becomes the ________ mouth anus mouth invertebrate An ______________ is an animal without a backbone. Which is the ONLY group of INVERTEBRATES in which the blastopore becomes the anus? Echinoderms (EX: starfish) The scientific name for lion is Panthera leo. The part of its name that tells its GENUS is ______________ Panthera This Kingdom contains bacteria that live in hostile places like volcano vents and acidic water which scientists think are very “ancient”. archaebacteria Eubacteria Archaebacteria Fungi Protists Name one of the animal groups you learned about that are vertebrates. Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, amphibians, Organisms are classified using the 3-DOMAIN System based on______________ Kind of ribosomes they have Body parts that come from the same embryological structures (like a bat wing and a human arm are called _____________ structures. homologous Analogous homologous http://www.lander.edu/RSFOX/310images/310bilatImage.html Some organisms have a body cavity with mesoderm around the outside body wall BUT NOT around the gut. They are called pseudocoelomates __________________ acoelomates pseudocoelomates coelomates Label the 2 diagrams that show evolutionary relationships http://www.cyber.vt.edu/geol3604/l8.htm Phylogenetic tree ____________________ cladogram ____________________ SINGLE CELLED EUKARYOTES like Euglena and Amoeba belong to the kingdom ________________. Protista Planta Eubacteria Animalia Protista Archaebacteria Fungi Name the 3 kinds of symmetry you learned about Asymmetry, radial symmetry, & bilateral symmetry In this picture the cougar’s anterior _____________ end is facing you. dorsal ventral anterior posterior Mushrooms, mold, and yeast belong FUNGI to the Kingdom ________________. The bottom (underneath) side of an animal is called the ventral ______________ side. Dorsal ventral anterior posterior http://www.utm.edu/~rirwin/symmetry2.htm Slicing this mouse down the middle results in halves that are mirror images. This kind of symmetry is called bilateral _____________ The early Greek philosopher and scientist who first grouped organisms into categories was Aristotle ______________ http://www.lander.edu/RSFOX/310images/310bilatImage.html Type of body in which the space around the internal organs is lined on 2 sides with mesoderm. Eucoelom OR “true coelom” Mesoderm on outside body wall AND around gut An organism in which the blastopore becomes the mouth protostome Structures with a SIMILAR function that have a DIFFERENT embryological origin (like a bird wing and a butterfly wing) are called ___________ structures. analogous analogous homologous In ALL VERTEBRATES and one invertebrate group (ECHINODERMS) the blastopore becomes the __________________ anus bilateral Humans have _________ symmetry. No bilateral radial A diagram that is used to show the evolutionary relationships thought to exist between organisms is based on a variety of evidence is called a _______________________ phylogenetic tree http://www.cyber.vt.edu/geol3604/l8.htm An organism that has a true COELOM is called a ______________. eucoelomate OR coelomate The correct way to pronounce the word “COELOM” is Koe-lum SEE-lum See-lum Sell-um Type of symmetry seen in jellyfish in which dividing the animal in several directions can produce equal halves. Asymmetry radial bilateral radial Images from: http://www.utm.edu/~rirwin/symmetry2.htm Using the 3 Domain system, animals would be classified in the Domain Eukarya ___________________ Body structures that may have a similar FUNCTION and have the same embryological origins (like a bird wing and a human arm) are called ___________ structures. homologous homologous analogous http://www.lander.edu/RSFOX/310images/310bilatImage.html Animals (like some worms) with a type of body in which there is NO body cavity. acoelomates This depression that forms in the side of a blastula when cells move inward is called a ______________. blastopore Image from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/16anim3.htm Rigid covering on the outside of an animals body that acts as a skeleton exoskeleton Nitrogen waste from cells can exist in several chemical forms. Name one. AMMONIA, UREA, URIC ACID Which classification system uses this diagram to show evolutionary relationships? 6 Kingdom system http://www.cyber.vt.edu/geol3604/l8.htm Name another way modern scientists use to classify organisms besides the 6-Kingdom system. Cladistics 3-Domain system The blastopore area in an animal embryo becomes part of THIS body system. digestive Reproductive respiratory digestive nervous No matter which way you slice this animal, you never get 2 equal halves. asymmetry. It has __________ Asymmetry bilateral symmetry radial symmetry True OR False TRUE Organisms that share homologous structures probably have a common ancestor. Name one way DEUTEROSTOMES are different from PROTOSTOMES PROTOSTOMES DEUTEROSTOMES 1. Blastopore becomes mouth 2. Determinate embryonic cells 3. Spiral cleavage 4. Invertebrates except echinoderms 1. Blastopore becomes anus 2. Indeterminate embryonic cells 3. Radial cleavage 4. Vertebrates & echinoderms This type of diagram using “Shared derived characters” to show evolutionary relationships is called a cladogram _______________________ http://facstaff.uww.edu/wentzl/cladogram_1.gif Body coverings like feathers, fur, and skin are included in this body system. Integumentary The concentration of sensory and brain structures in the anterior end of an organism is called _______________________ cephalization Name one of the functions of a coelom Provides space for internal organs Can act as a hydrostatic skeleton Can provide space for nutrients to circulate Body system that removes nitrogen waste produced by the body cells Excretory Which classification system uses this diagram to show evolutionary relationships? CLADISTITCS uses this one… it is called a cladogram closed In a(n) ____________ circulatory system blood circulates thoroughout the body inside blood vessels A free swimming immature form of an organism is called a LARVA ____________ The young of animals that show ___________ development start out direct looking like the adults only smaller. Type of circulatory system in which blood in not enclosed in vessels but circulates freely in the body space ___________ open The young of animals that show indirect development start out as ___________ an immature larva and undergo metamorphosis to become adults . http://www.enchantedlearning.com Type of reproduction in which 1 parent copies itself without exchanging genetic material with a partner. asexual Skeleton that is located inside the body. endoskeleton Which of the forms of nitrogen waste found in organisms is MOST TOXIC? AMMONIA direct Humans show __________ development. direct indirect In which language are official scientific names written ? LATIN internal fertilization. Humans show ________ external internal homologous Animals that share ________________ structures probably have a recent common ancestor. analogous homologous True OR False Digestive waste and nitrogen waste are the same thing. FALSE; they are made in different places and removed by different body systems! 2 groups used by Aristotle and Linnaeus to group organisms Plants & animals Which is a pseudocoelom? A B C C http://www.lander.edu/RSFOX/310images/310bilatImage.html Which of the following is a phylogenetic tree? This is a cladogram! This one! This is a Karyotype! Classification system that groups organisms based on the kind of ribosomes they have ______________________ 3 Domain system Classification system that groups organisms and shows evolutionary relationships based on “shared derived characters” ______________________ Cladistics Classification system that groups organisms and shows evolutionary relationships based on multiple kinds of evidence such as fossils, morphology, embryology, chromosomes, and macromolecules 6__________________ Kingdom system Match the organisms with their KINGDOMS ANIMALIA Multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophs _________________ (frogs, starfish, worms, lions, humans) Multicellular heterotrophs that ____________________ FUNGI absorb nutrients instead of eating (yeast, mushrooms, mold, mildew) “ancient bacteria” that live in very ARCHAEBACTERIA harsh environments ______________________ EUBACTERIA True bacteria (unicellular prokaryotes) ______________________ Green plants (multicellular autotrophs) ______________________ PLANTAE PROTISTA Single celled Eukaryotes (Euglena, Amoeba) __________________ NAME THE TYPE OF CLEAVAGE SPIRAL http://www.zo.utexas.edu/faculty/sjasper/images/so28_04.gif What do we call organisms with this type of cleavage? PROTOSTOMES Protostomes Deuterostomes Label the directions DORSAL A.__________________ ANTERIOR D_______________ POSTERIOR __________________B VENTRAL ___________________ C Body system that provides skeletal support and protection ______________________ Body system that makes hormones endocrine which control other body systems ________________ Body system that deals with integumentary what covers the animal __________________ NAME THE TYPE OF COELOM Eucoelom Images from: Acoelom http://www.lander.edu/RSFOX/310images/310bilatImage.html Pseudocoelom Which of the following is a cladogram? This is a cladogram! This is a phylogenetic tree This is a Karyotype! PRACTICE VOCAB: Joining of an egg & sperm inside the female’s body ____________________ Internal fertilization Kind of development in which offspring are born/hatch looking Direct development like their parents only smaller ____________________ Kind of circulatory system in which blood is contained inside vessels closed __________________ phylogeny An organism’s evolutionary history __________________ PRACTICE VOCAB: Organism with a backbone ____________________ vertebrate Organism with determinate spiral cleavage whose blastopore becomes its mouth ____________________ protostome A eukaryotic, heterotrophic, multicellular organism with specialized cells that animal contain DNA which can move __________________ and reproduce Organism made of cells with nuclei and membrane bound organelles __________________ eukaryote PRACTICE VOCAB: Joining of an egg & sperm outside the female’s body ____________________ External fertilization Kind of development in which development offspring hatch as larva and must Indirect ____________________ undergo metamorphosis to become adults Kind of circulatory system in which open blood is NOT contained in vessels __________________ and flows loose inside the coelom Branch of biology that names and groups organisms according to their characteristics and phylogeny taxonomy ______________________ PRACTICE VOCAB: invertebrate Organism without a backbone ____________________ Organism with indeterminate radial cleavage whose blastopore becomes its anus ____________________ deuterostome Organism that must get nutrients by consuming other organisms __________________ heterotroph Organism made of cells WITHOUT nuclei OR membrane bound organelles __________________ prokaryote PRACTICE VOCAB: A hollow ball of cells formed when a zygote undergoes repeated mitosis ________________________ blastula In animals, the arrangement of body parts around a central axis Radial symmetry ______________________ An ancestry diagram that shows evolutionary relationships between organisms based on cladogram “shared derived characters” __________________ PRACTICE VOCAB: A skeleton found on the outside of an animal’s body __________________ exoskeleton Cleavage pattern in which cells Determinate twist as they divide and decide spiral cleavage early what they will become ____________________ Any eukaryotic heterotrophic multicellular organism made of specialized cells that contain DNA animal which can move and reproduce _________________ Classification system that groups organisms based on the kind of ribosomes they have ______________________ 3 Domain system Classification system that groups organisms and shows evolutionary relationships based on “shared derived characters” ______________________ Cladistics Classification system that groups organisms and shows evolutionary relationships based on multiple kinds of evidence such as fossils, morphology, embryology, chromosomes, and macromolecules 6__________________ Kingdom system Type of coelom in which there is NO space and mesoderm Acoelom fills the area between ectoderm ____________________ and endoderm Type of coelom in which mesoderm is found lining the outside body wall and surrounding the gut __________________ eucoelom Type of coelom in which mesoderm lines the outside body wall but is pseudocoelom NOT found around the gut ____________________ PRACTICE VOCAB: Body cavity (space) formed within the mesoderm that surrounds the internal organs ____________________ coelom Specific layer of cells in an embryo from which specific organ systems develop Germ layer ____________________ integument Outside body covering in an animal __________________ Embryonic layer of cells that gives to muscles and to interior body linings __________________ mesoderm PRACTICE VOCAB: The concentration of nervous tissue and sensory organs in the anterior end of an animal cephalization ____________________ In animals the body plan where the Bilateral left and right sides are mirror images symmetry of each other ____________________ The system of naming organisms that Binomial uses a 2 part scientific name nomenclature (genus & species indentifier) __________________ Depression formed when the cells of a blastula move inward __________________ blastopore A system of phylogenetic classification using shared derived characters and the _____________________ recency of ancestry to group organisms cladistics The study of the internal and external structure and form of an organism ____________________ morphology A family tree that shows the evolutionary Phylogenetic relationships thought to exist among _____________________ organisms tree Waste produced in body cells by the Nitrogen waste breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids ________________ and handled by the excretory system Body system for removing nitrogen waste excretory ____________________ Body system for transporting nutrients and oxygen around circulatory in body ____________________ Body system that exchanges respiratory gases with the environment __________________ Body system that maintains the balance of water/ions (osmoregulation) excretory __________________ Body system for receiving info nervous about the environment and responding ________________ Body system for obtaining nutrients ____________________ digestive Body system that produces offspring reproductive __________________ Body system that moves the whole organism or is found in the walls muscular of body organs to move substances __________________ Body system that provides skeletal support and protection ______________________ Body system that makes hormones endocrine which control other body systems ________________ Body system that deals with integumentary what covers the animal __________________ Type of cleavage pattern in which dells stack on top of each other and Indeterminate decide later on what they will become ______________ radial cleavage Label the directions DORSAL A.__________________ POSTERIOR D_______________ ANTERIOR __________________B VENTRAL ___________________ C Animation from: http://bestanimations.com NAME THE TYPE OF COELOM Pseudocoelom Images from: Eucoelom http://www.lander.edu/RSFOX/310images/310bilatImage.html Acoelom THE END