Transcript History Of Anatomy - King George`s Medical University

HISTORY OF ANATOMY
ByProf. A K Srivastava
H.O.D Anatomy
CLASSIFICATION OF HUMANS
• Classification Scheme
– Kingdom: Animalia
– Phylum: Chordata
– Subphylum: Vertebrata
– Class: Mammalia
– Order: Primate
– Family: Hominidae
– Genus: Homo
– Species: Sapiens
• Scientific Binominal: Homo sapiens
KINGDOM
• 6 Recognized Kingdoms
– Eubacteria
– Archaebacteria
– Protista
– Fungi
– Plantae
– Animalia
PHYLA of the Animal Kingdom
• Range
– from Simple (Phylum Protozoa)
– to complex (Phylum Chordata)
• Phylogeny = the study of Phyla
• Ontogeny = the study of individual development
• Embryology = the study of prenatal development
Phylum: Chordata
• Characteristics
– Dorsal hollow Nerve
Cord
– Notochord
– Pharyngeal Pouches
5
Dorsal hollow Nerve Cord
• dorsal to the Notochord
• Develops into Brain and
Spinal Cord of adults
6
Notochord
• Flexible rod of tissue
• Mid-dorsal
• Position later occupied by
the vertebral column
• In adult, only remnants
are inside intervertebral
discs
Pharyngeal
Pouches
• Envaginations of
pharyngeal walls
• Gill slits in fish
• In human adults,
become:
– Eustachian tube
– Middle ear cavity
– Tympanic membrane
Subphylum: Vertebrata
• Characteristics
– Animals with
backbones
– Endoskeleton
– Closed circulatory
system
– Paired kidneys
– Complete digestive
system
– Sexes typically
separate
Subphylum: Vertebrata contd….
• Characteristics
– Bilateral Symmetry
• An animal can be sectioned
into right and left haves;
one the mirror image of the
other
– Segmentation
– Tube-within-a-tube body
plan
– Body Cavities
Body Cavities: Dorsal
• Cranial Cavity
– Houses the Brain
• Vertebral Canal
– Houses the
Spinal Cord
Body Cavities: Ventral
(Lateral View)
• Thoracic Cavity
• Abdominopelvic
Cavity (contains the
“viscera”)
– Abdominal Cavity
– Pelvic Cavity
• Lined by serous
membranes
Body Cavities: Thoracic
(Anterior View)
• Mediastinum: a
potential space that
contains the heart,
great vessels, trachea,
esophagus, etc
• Plural Cavities:
contain the lungs
• Pericardial Cavity:
contains the heart
Serous Cavities
• Ventral Body Cavity
• Lined by a serous membrane, or Serosa
– Parietal serosa: forms outer wall of cavity
– Visceral serosa: covers the visceral organs
• Serous fluid
– Secreted by the membranes
– Is slick; reduces friction
Serous Pericardium
•
•
•
•
Around the Heart
Parietal Pericardium
Visceral Pericardium
Pericardial Cavity
– Filled with serous
fluid
The Pleural Cavities
• Around the Lungs
• Parietal Pleura:
– lines walls of thoracic
cavity
• Visceral Pleura:
– covers each lung
The Peritoneal Cavity
• within abdominopelvic cavity
• Parietal Peritoneum
• Visceral Peritoneum
• Some organs are
retroperitoneal
Abdominal Divisions
• Quadrants: 4
– Right Upper Quadrant
– Right Lower Quadrant
– Left Upper Quadrant
– Left Lower Quadrant
Other Cavities
•
•
•
•
•
Oral cavity
Nasal cavity
Orbital cavities
Middle ear cavities
Synovial cavities
Classes
•
•
•
•
•
Osteichthyes
Amphibia
Reptilia
Aves
Mammalia
Class Mammalia
• Characteristics
– Hair
– Mammary glands
– Differentiation of teeth
– Muscular diaphragm
– Endotherms
– Four-chambered heart with systemic and pulmonary
circuits
– Red blood cells without nuclei
– Complex nervous system
– Internal fertilization
Order Primates
• Five digits
• Nails
• Usually an opposable
thumb
• Cerebrum
Genus Homo
•
•
•
•
Steep facial angle
Prominent nose
Prominent chin
Less prominent
supraorbital ridges
Species Sapiens
•
•
•
•
•
•
Largest Cerebrum
Increasing Brain Size
Increasing Skeletal size
Increasing tool use
Decreasing tooth size
Decreasing Skeletal robustness
HISTORY OF ANATOMY
“The past is not dead history, it is living
material out of which man builds for the
future”.
Rene Dubos (1901-1982)
GRECIAN PERIOD
HIPPOCRATES(460-377BC)
 Greek physician
 Father of Medicine
 His name is memorialized in the
Hippocratic oath
 Humoral theory :
Four body humors –
blood
.
-phlegum
-yellow bile
-black bile
 Attributed diseases to natural
causes .
 His work was imperical as no
GRECIAN PERIOD
ARISTOTLE(384-322BC)
 Greek philosopher, zoologist,
renowned teacher, writer.
 wrote the first ever account
of embryology –
-heart development
-named aorta
-differentiated
.
arteries and veins
 Erroneous views – eg. Heart
not brain was the seat of
intelligence
GRECIAN PERIOD
HEROPHILUS (about
325BC)
 Great teacher of anatomy in
Alexandria
 performed -vivi-sections
(dissections of living humans)
-dissections of human
cadavers
 regarded brain as seat of
intelligence
 described cerebrum,
cerebellum , fourth ventricle
 first to identify nerves as
sensory or motor.
 He is credited with the
discovery of ovum
ROMAN PERIOD
CLAUDIUS GALEN(AD132-201)
 best physician since HippocratesPrince of Physicians
.
 most influential writer on medical
subjects
 theorized on many medical
subjects like anatomy ,
physiology , pathology ,
symptomatology and treatment
 identified veins and arteries
containing blood
 For 1500 years his writings were
unquestionable .
 He studied the functions of
kidneys & spinal cord.
Middle ages (Medieval Period)
• After the fall of Roman empire.
• Anatomy became stagnant in Christian Europe.
• Flourished in islamic world.
• The Arabs had Galen in high regards.
• Hunayn ibn Ishaq translated 129 of Galen works into
Arebic
• The Canon of Medicine was very influential through
islamic world and was most authoritative book on
Anatomy
RENAISSANCE PERIOD
Period characterised by rebirth of science
 lasted from 14th century through 16th century
It was a transitional period from the
middle
. ages (referred to as Dark ages) to
the modern ages
. of science.
Canon remained the most important text book on
Anatomy
Series of authors dissected cadavers
RENAISSANCE PERIOD
LEONARDO DA VINCI (AD1452 –
1519)
 great Italian genius
 Painter, sculptor, architect,
musician, anatomist engineer
 observed dissections on
cadavers
 Anatomical sketches (500
diagrams )published in 1898.
 Originator of cross sectional
anatomy
 First to describe moderator
band of Right ventricle.
SIXTEENTH CENTURY
VESALIUS(1514- 1654)
 Born in brussels
 Professor of anatomy at the
University of Padua in Italy
 His work De humani corporis
fabrica written in 7 volumes
 revolutionised the teaching of
anatomy
 Challenged hundreds of Galen’s
erroneous concepts
 chose not to have his name
attached to the parts of body
he desribed.
 Father of Modern Anatomy
SEVENTEENTH and EIGHTEENTH
CENTURY
WILLIAM HARVEY(1578-1657)
 English anatomist
 Conducted experiments ‘ on the motion of heart and
blood in animals ‘
 Suggested continuous circulation of blood with in
vessels
 Demonstrated that blood circulates and does not flow
back and forth through the same vessels
 Credited for providing physiological (functional)
orientation to anatomy.
SEVENTEENTH and
EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
ANTONIE VAN LEEUWENHOEK
( 1578-1657)
 Improved the microscope
 His many contributions
include-development of
techniques for examining
tissues
- description of blood cells,
spermatozoa and skeletal
muscle
SEVENTEENTH and
EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
MALPIGHII(1628-1634)
 Italian anatomist
 ‘ Father of Histology’
 His name is associated with malpighian corpuscles of the
kidney and malpighian bodies of spleen.
SEVENTEENTH and
EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
JOHN HUNTER (1728-1793)
 Surgeon
 Versatile scientist
 developed Hunterian
museums in London and
Glasgow
 His name associated with
Hunter’s canal (adductor
canal)
SEVENTEENTH and
EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
WILHELM KONARD VON ROENTGEN (1845-1923)
 First used X-rays to detect bone fractures and assess
extent of Tuberculosis
GREGORY JOHANN MENDEL (1822- 1844)
 performed experiments on plant’s hybridization
 ‘Father of Genetics’
De GRAF : described ovaries
SPALLAN ZANI : showed sperm and ovum
FRANCIS GLISSON :described liver, gall bladder, stomach,
intestine
THOMAS WILLIS : published summary of nervous system
NINETEENTH CENTURY
 ROBERT HOOKE -Coined the term ‘cell’
 JEAN BAPTISTE LAMARCK – observed gel like substance
with in the cell
 SCHLEIDEN and SCHWANN - put forth the cell theory
 RUDOLF VIRCHOW – worked on a book titled ‘cell pathology’
 JOHANNES MULLER – applied physics , chemistry and
psychology to the study of human body
 Noted anatomists of this century –
- Astley Cooper
- Georges cuvier
- Meckel
- Henry Gray in 1858 published Gray’sAnatomy;Descriptive
and surgical. At the age of 34 he published second edition
TWENTIETH CENTURY
IMAGING ANATOMY
- Ultrasound
- CT Scan
- MRI
- PET
History of Anatomy in India
• Anatomy in ancient India
The post- upanishadic period from 800 B.C
to 1000 A.D. may be considered the “ golden
age of Indian Medicine”.
Ayurveda, the science of life
Ayur=longlife;veda=science
Two great proponent of this science -Susruta
&Charaka .
Susrata lived two centuries before Christ &was a
Contemporary to Charak’s guru Atreya
- first written evidence of Ayurveda is in the-Sanskirit
writing of
Charak samhita and
Susruta Samhita.
Charak Samhita can be dated back to 1.A.D.
- Both these samhita’s devote a complete section
“Sarira sthana”to the subject of Anatomy .
- in these sections beside gross Anatomy,
embryology and histology are also delt.
SUSRATA OR SUSHRUTHA (6TH century B.C.)
- renowned surgeon of ancient India
- described about 120 surgical instruments.
- 300 surgical procedures and classifies human
surgery into 8 catagories.
- He lived and taught his art on the bank of Ganga in
Varanasi . Known as father of surgery.
- The anatomical fact described him are
- 300 bones, 500 muscles (400 in limbs,66 in trunk
&34 in Head & Neck .
- Described blood vessels i.e.,Dhaminis and Siras
Anatomy In Modern India
• Medical education in India revived with the arrival
of the British (1600A.D)
• Medical schools were estabilished (late 19thcentury)
Madras, calcutta and bombay.
• Madras in 1835. Dr Mortimer of that school use to
teach the muscles and bones from paste board
models.
• Mortimer’s mannual precedes Cunningham’
mannual of practical anatomy
• Dr Y.G.Nadgir was the first to be appointed as
LETS ANSWER A FEW
Questions
Q 1. Which surgeon of ancient India is also
called as “Father of Surgery” ?
A. Charak
B. Sushruta
C. Atreya
D. Dhanvantri
Fill in the Blank
Q 2. Human beings belong
to the sub Phylum
---------------------------
Q 3. Name the famous Greek Physician who
is also called as the “Father Of Medicine”
A. Aristotle
B. Plato
C. Hippocrates
D. Herophilus
Q 4. Who is often referred to as the “Father Of
Modern Anatomy”
A. Leonardo Da Vinci
B. Andreas Vesalius
C. William Harvey
D. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek
Q 5. Name the arrow marked
body cavity