Transcript Word Parts
Chapter Eight
BLOOD, BLOOD-FORMING ORGANS,
AND THE IMMUNE MECHANISM
Copyright © 2012 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Functions of the Blood and Immune Systems
Homeostasis
Functions of the blood
Transportation
Regulation
Protection from infection
Protection from blood loss
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Functions of the Lymphatic System
Cleansing
Returning
Providing a pathway
Defending
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Function of the Immune System
Defending
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Relationship of Lymphatic Vessels to the
Circulatory System
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Word Parts
Hematic System
Blood and vessels
hemat/o = blood
-poiesis = formation
hem/o = blood
Hematopoiesis
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)
Hemocytoblast
cyt/o = cell
-blast = embryonic,
immature
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Hematic System
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Word Parts
Blood Composition
Blood cells (formed elements)
erythr/o = red
-cyte = cell
leuk/o = white
thromb/o = clotting,
clot
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Thrombocytes (platelets)
Plasma
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Word Parts
hem/o, hemat/o = blood
Components of Blood/Red
Blood Cells
Erythrocytes
erythr/o = red
-cyte = cell
Erythropoietin
Hemosiderin
Hemolysis
-globin = protein
myel/o = bone marrow
-siderin = iron substance
-poietin = forming
substance
Hemoglobin
RBC life cycle
Morphology
-lysis = breaking down
morph/o = shape, form
-logy = study of
Erythrocytes
From Thibodeau and Patton: Anatomy and physiology, ed 6, Mosby
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Be Careful!
Hgb, HB, Hb, and HG are all abbreviations for
hemoglobin. Hg is the abbreviation for mercury.
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Word Parts
leuk/o = white
-cyte = cell
granul/o = little grain
a- = no, not, without
poly- = many
morph/o = shape, form
nucle/o = nucleus
Components of Blood/White
Blood Cells
Leukocytes (granulocytes and
agranulocytes)
Granulocytes/polymorphonucleocytes
PMN)
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Basophils
eosin/o = rosy-colored
-phil = attraction
neutr/o = neutral
phag/o = eat, wallow
bas/o = base
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Special Note!
Granulocytes are also known as
polymorphonucleocytes, abbreviated PMNs or polys.
However, one type of granulocyte, the neutrophil, is
also commonly referred to as polymorph (PMN, poly)
because it has the greatest degree of nuclear
polymorphism, in addition to being the most common
type of leukocyte.
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Word Parts
a- = no, not, without
granul/o = little grain
-cyte = cell
mono- = one
nucle/o = nucleus
Components of Blood/White
Blood Cells
Agranulocytes/mononuclear
Monocytes
leukocytes
Macrophages
Lymphocytes
Antigen
Antibody
-ar = pertaining to
macro- = large
leuk/o = white
lymph/o = lymph
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Be Careful!
Don’t confuse cyt/o, meaning cell, with cyst/o,
meaning a bladder or sac.
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Word Parts
thromb/o = clot, clotting
-cyte = cell
pro- = before
-thrombin = clotting
substance
fibr/o = fiber
-gen = producing
Components of
Blood/Thrombocytes
(platelets)
Coagulation
Agglutination
Factor X/thrombokinase
Prothrombin thrombin
Fibrinogen fibrin
Hemostasis
hem/o = blood
-stasis = stopping,
controlling
Clotting process
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Be Careful!
Don’t confuse hemostasis, meaning control of blood
flow, with homeostasis, meaning a steady state.
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Review Question
Thrombocytes:
A. are clotting cells
B. are white blood cells
C. protect the body against disease
D. carry hemoglobin
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Word Parts
plasm/o = plasma
ser/o = serum
Components of Blood /Plasma
Composition
Serum = plasma – clotting
proteins
Serology
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Blood Groups
Word Parts
A, B, AB, O
anti - = against
Antigens – agglutinogens
-gen = producing
Antibodies – agglutinins
agglutin/o = clumping
Universal donor
-in = substance
Universal recipient
hem/o = blood
Rh factor
-lytic = pertaing to
breaking down
ABO blood groups
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Review Question
The universal donor of blood groups is:
A. type A
B. type B
C. type AB
D. type O
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Word Parts
Immune System
Role of cytokines
immune = immun/o
cyt/o = cell
-kine = movement
lymph/o = lymph
mono- = one
inter- = between
-leukin = white
substance
Cytokines
Lymphokines
Monkines
Interleukins
Levels of defense
First line/
nonspecific
Second line/
nonspecific
Third line/
specific immunity
Levels of defense
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First Line of Defense
Nonspecific Immunity
Mechanical
Physical
Chemical
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Second Line of Defense
Word Parts
phag/o = eat, swallow
cyt/o = cell
-osis = abnormal
condition
pyr/o = fever, fire
Nonspecific Immunity
Phagocytosis
Inflammation
Pyrexia
Protective proteins
-exia = condition
Interferons
Complement proteins
Natural killer (NK) cells
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Third Line of Defense
Specific immunity
Body’s identification of pathogen/antigen
Antibodies/immunoglobulins formed
Process may be:
Genetic
Acquired
Active: natural or artificial
Passive: natural or artificial
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Review Question
Sneezing, coughing, and vomiting are examples of
which level of immune defense?
A.
B.
C.
D.
first level
second level
third level
fourth level
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Word Parts
an- = no, not, without
-emia = blood condition
sider/o = iron
-penia = deficiency
Terms Related to Nutritional
Anemias (D50-D53)
B12 deficiency anemia
Folate deficiency anemia
Pernicious anemia
Sideropenia
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Word Parts
hem/o = blood
-lytic = pertaining to
breaking down
auto- = self
immune = safety,
protection
globin/o = protein
-pathy = diseae process
sphre/o = sphere
-cytosis = condition of
abnormal increase in cells
thalass/o = sea
Terms Related to Hemolytic
Anemias (D55-D59)
Hemolytic anemia
Autoimmune acquired hemolytic
anemia
Nonautoimmune acquired
hemolytic anemia
Glucose-6-phosphatedehydrogenase (G6PD)
Hemoglobinopathy
Hereditary spherocytosis
Thalassemia
-emia = blood condition
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Terms Related to Hemolytic Anemias (D55-D59)
Sickle-cell disorders
Sickle cell trait
Sickle cell anemia
Sickle cell crisis
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Word Parts
post- = after
hem/o = blood
-rrhagic = pertaining to
bursting forth
a- = no, not, without
plast/o – formation
-ic = pertaining to
erythr/o = red
blast/o = embryonic,
immature
-penia condition of
deficiency
Terms Related to Aplastic and
Other Anemias and Other
Bone Marrow Failure
Syndromes (D60-D64)
Acute posthemorrhagic anemia
Aplastic anemia
Erythroblastopenia
Myelophthisis
Normal cellularity
Pancytopenia
myel/o = bone marrow
-phthisis = wasting
pan- = all
cyt/o = cell
Hypocellularity in pancytopenia
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Word Parts
intra- = within
vascul/o = vessel
-ar = pertaining to
coagul/o = clotting
-pathy = disease process
hem/o = blood
-philia = condition of
attraction
purpur/o = purple
-a = noun ending
thromb/o = clot, clotting
Terms Related to Coagulation
Defects, Purpura, and Other
Hemorrhagic Conditions
(D65-D69)
Disseminated intravascular
coagulopathy (DIC)
Hemophilia
Purpura
Thrombocytopenia
Thrombophilia
cyt/o = cell
Purpura
-penia = deficiency
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Word Parts
erythr/o = red
-cytosis = condition of
abnormal increase of
cells
met(a)- = change
hem/o = blood
globin/o = protein
Terms Related to Other
Disorders of Blood and BloodForming Organs (D70-D77)
Erythrocytosis
Methemoglobinemia
Myelofibrosis
Plasmacytosis
-emia = blood condition
myel/o = bone marrow
fibr/o = fiber
-osis = abnormal
condition
Myelofibrosis
plasm/o = plasma
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Word Parts
leuk/o = white
-penia = deficiency
eosin/o = rosy-colored
Terms Related to Coagulation
Defects, Purpura, and Other
Hemorrhagic Conditions
(D65-D69)
Leukopenia
mono- = one
cyt/o = cell
lymph/o = lymph/o
neutr/o = neutral
band/o = bands
Eosinopenia
Monocytopenia
Lymphocytopenia
Neutropenia
Bandemia
-emia = blood condition
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Word Parts
leuk/o = white
-cytosis = abnormal
increase of cells
Terms Related to Coagulation
Defects, Purpura, and Other
Hemorrhagic Conditions
(D65-D69)
Leukocytosis
mono- = one
bas/o = base
-philia = attraction
eosin/o = rosy-colored
neutr/o = neutral
Monocytosis
Basophilia
Eosinophilia
Neutrophilia
Lymphocytosis
lymph/o = lymph
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Word Parts
a- = no, not, without
splen/o = spleen
-ia = condition
hyper- = excessive
-ism = condition
Terms Related to Coagulation
Defects, Purpura, and Other
Hemorrhagic Conditions
(D65-D69)
Asplenia
Hypersplenism
Splenitis
-itis = inflammation
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Word Parts
septic/o = infection
-emia = blood condition
sept/o = infection
-ic = pertaining to
Systemic Infections of the
Blood
Septicemia
Septic shock
Systemic inflammatory response
syndrome (SIRS)
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Word Parts
auto- = self
immun/o = safety,
protection
syn- together
-drome = run
hypo- = deficiency
globulin/o = protein
-emia = blood condition
sarc/o = flesh
Certain Disorders Involving
the Immune Mechanism
(D80-D89)
Autoimmune lymphoproliferative
syndrome (ALPS)
Graft-versus-host disease
(GVHD)
Hypogammaglobulinemia
Sarcoidosis
-oid = like
-osis = abnormal
condition
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Word Parts
immun/o = safety,
protection
auto- = self
Other Immune Disorders
Acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome (AIDS)
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Autoimmune disease
HIV life cycle
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Review Question
Which type of anemia is an iron deficiency?
A. pernicious anemia
B. sideropenia
C. aplastic anemia
D. thalassemia
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Review Question
What is a group of inherited bleeding disorders
characterized by a deficiency of one of the factors
necessary for the coagulation of blood?
A.
B.
C.
D.
purpura
thrombocytopenia
hemophilia
polycythemia vera
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Word Parts
myel/o = bone marrow
dys-= abnormal
-plastic = pertaining to
forming
Benign Neoplasms
Myelodysplastic syndrome
Polycythemia vera
Thymoma
poly- = many, much
cyt/o = cell
-(h)emia = blood
condition
vera = true
thym/o = thymus
-oma = tumor, mass
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Malignant Neoplasms
Word Parts
lymph/o = lymph
cyt/o = cell
-ic = pertaining to
leuk/o = white
-emia = blood condition
myel/o = bone marrow
-genous = pertaing to
originating
from
Acute lymphocytic
leukemia (ALL)
Acute myelogenous
leukemia (AML)
Chronic lymphocytic
leukemia (CLL)
Chronic myelogenous
leukemia (CML)
Leukemia
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Word Parts
lymph/o = lymph
-oma = tumor, mass
myel/o = bone marrow
Malignant Neoplasms
Hodgkin lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Multiple myeloma
Malignant thymoma
thym/o = thymus
Multiple myeloma
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Review Question
Which of the following is a cancer diagnosed by the
presence of Reed-Sternberg cells?
A.
B.
C.
D.
multiple myeloma
Hodgkin lymphoma
thymic carcinoma
non-Hodgkin lymphoma
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Laboratory Tests
AIDS tests
ELISA, Western blot
Allergy testing
Patch
Scratch
Intradermal
Western blot test
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Laboratory Tests
Basic metabolic panel
Calcium, glucose, electrolytes, creatinine, BUN
Comprehensive metabolic panel
BMP + protein, liver function, and glucose
Blood cultures
Blood culture
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Word Parts
anti- = against
-globulin = protein
substance
hemat/o = blood
-crit = separate
hem/o = blood
-globin = protein
substance
Laboratory Tests
Complete blood cell count (CBC)
Coombs antiglobulin test
Diff count
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
(ESR)
Hematocrit (Hct)
Packed cell volume (PCV)
Hemoglobin (Hgb, Hb)
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Word Parts
hem/o = blood
-globin = protein
substance
thromb/o = clot, clotting
-plastin = forming
substance
pro- before
-thrombin = clotting
substance
Laboratory Tests
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin
(MCH)
Mean corpusuclar hemoglobin
concentration (MCHC)
Partial thromboplastin time
(PTT)
Prothrombin time (PT)
Schilling Test
White blood cell count (WBC)
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Word Parts
-apheresis = removal
leuk/o = white
plasm/o = plasma
platelet/o = platelet
auto- = self
log/o = study
-ous = pertaining to
trans- = across
Blood and Bone Marrow
Procedures
Apheresis
Leukapheresis
Plasmapheresis
Plateletpheresis
Blood transfusion
Autologous
Autotransfusion
Hemostasis
Autologous blood
transfusion
-fusion = pouring
hem/o = blood
-stasis = stopping,
controlling
Be Careful! Do not confuse -apheresis, meaning
removal of blood, with -poiesis, which means
formation.
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Blood and Bone Marrow Procedures
Bone marrow transplant (BMT)
Autologous
Homologous
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Word Parts
adenoid/o = adenoid
-ectomy = cutting out
bi/o = life
-opsy = viewing
Lymphatic and Immune
System Interventions
Adenoidectomy
Biopsy of lymphatic structures
Lymphadenectomy
Splenectomy
lymphat/o = lymph
-ic = pertaining to
lymphaden/o = lymph
gland
Splen/o = spleen
Adenoidectomy
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Review Question
Which of the following can be used as a suffix or
stand alone term to mean removal?
A.
B.
C.
D.
apheresis
poiesis
fusion
porosis
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Suffixes and Root Operations for the Blood, BloodForming Organs, and Immune Mechanisms
-ectomy
excision, resection
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Sort these terms into their correct categories
Terms
1. thalassemia
2. phagocytosis
3. hematocrit
4. apheresis
Categories
__ A+P
__ Pathology
__ Procedures
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