Transcript Word Parts

Chapter Eight
BLOOD, BLOOD-FORMING ORGANS,
AND THE IMMUNE MECHANISM
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Functions of the Blood and Immune Systems
 Homeostasis
 Functions of the blood
 Transportation
 Regulation
 Protection from infection
 Protection from blood loss
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Functions of the Lymphatic System
 Cleansing
 Returning
 Providing a pathway
 Defending
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Function of the Immune System
 Defending
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Relationship of Lymphatic Vessels to the
Circulatory System
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Word Parts
Hematic System
 Blood and vessels
hemat/o = blood

-poiesis = formation

hem/o = blood
Hematopoiesis
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)

Hemocytoblast
cyt/o = cell
-blast = embryonic,
immature
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Hematic System
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Word Parts
Blood Composition
 Blood cells (formed elements)
erythr/o = red

-cyte = cell

leuk/o = white

thromb/o = clotting,
clot
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Thrombocytes (platelets)
 Plasma
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Word Parts
hem/o, hemat/o = blood
Components of Blood/Red
Blood Cells
 Erythrocytes
erythr/o = red

-cyte = cell

Erythropoietin
 Hemosiderin
 Hemolysis
-globin = protein

myel/o = bone marrow
-siderin = iron substance
-poietin = forming
substance
Hemoglobin
RBC life cycle

Morphology
-lysis = breaking down
morph/o = shape, form
-logy = study of
Erythrocytes
From Thibodeau and Patton: Anatomy and physiology, ed 6, Mosby
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Be Careful!
Hgb, HB, Hb, and HG are all abbreviations for
hemoglobin. Hg is the abbreviation for mercury.
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Word Parts
leuk/o = white
-cyte = cell
granul/o = little grain
a- = no, not, without
poly- = many
morph/o = shape, form
nucle/o = nucleus
Components of Blood/White
Blood Cells
 Leukocytes (granulocytes and
agranulocytes)

Granulocytes/polymorphonucleocytes
PMN)
Eosinophils
 Neutrophils
 Basophils

eosin/o = rosy-colored
-phil = attraction
neutr/o = neutral
phag/o = eat, wallow
bas/o = base
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Special Note!
Granulocytes are also known as
polymorphonucleocytes, abbreviated PMNs or polys.
However, one type of granulocyte, the neutrophil, is
also commonly referred to as polymorph (PMN, poly)
because it has the greatest degree of nuclear
polymorphism, in addition to being the most common
type of leukocyte.
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Word Parts
a- = no, not, without
granul/o = little grain
-cyte = cell
mono- = one
nucle/o = nucleus
Components of Blood/White
Blood Cells
 Agranulocytes/mononuclear

Monocytes


leukocytes
Macrophages
Lymphocytes


Antigen
Antibody
-ar = pertaining to
macro- = large
leuk/o = white
lymph/o = lymph
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Be Careful!
Don’t confuse cyt/o, meaning cell, with cyst/o,
meaning a bladder or sac.
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Word Parts
thromb/o = clot, clotting
-cyte = cell
pro- = before
-thrombin = clotting
substance
fibr/o = fiber
-gen = producing
Components of
Blood/Thrombocytes
(platelets)
 Coagulation
 Agglutination
 Factor X/thrombokinase
 Prothrombin  thrombin
 Fibrinogen  fibrin
 Hemostasis
hem/o = blood
-stasis = stopping,
controlling
Clotting process
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Be Careful!
Don’t confuse hemostasis, meaning control of blood
flow, with homeostasis, meaning a steady state.
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Review Question
 Thrombocytes:
A. are clotting cells
B. are white blood cells
C. protect the body against disease
D. carry hemoglobin
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Word Parts
plasm/o = plasma
ser/o = serum
Components of Blood /Plasma
 Composition
 Serum = plasma – clotting
proteins
 Serology
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Blood Groups
Word Parts
 A, B, AB, O
anti - = against
 Antigens – agglutinogens
-gen = producing
 Antibodies – agglutinins
agglutin/o = clumping
 Universal donor
-in = substance
 Universal recipient
hem/o = blood
 Rh factor
-lytic = pertaing to
breaking down
ABO blood groups
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Review Question
 The universal donor of blood groups is:
A. type A
B. type B
C. type AB
D. type O
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Word Parts
Immune System
 Role of cytokines
immune = immun/o

cyt/o = cell

-kine = movement

lymph/o = lymph

mono- = one
inter- = between
-leukin = white
substance
Cytokines
Lymphokines
Monkines
Interleukins
 Levels of defense
 First line/
nonspecific
 Second line/
nonspecific
 Third line/
specific immunity
Levels of defense
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First Line of Defense
 Nonspecific Immunity
 Mechanical
 Physical
 Chemical
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Second Line of Defense
Word Parts
phag/o = eat, swallow
cyt/o = cell
-osis = abnormal
condition
pyr/o = fever, fire
 Nonspecific Immunity

Phagocytosis

Inflammation

Pyrexia

Protective proteins
-exia = condition


Interferons

Complement proteins
Natural killer (NK) cells
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Third Line of Defense
 Specific immunity
 Body’s identification of pathogen/antigen

Antibodies/immunoglobulins formed

Process may be:

Genetic

Acquired

Active: natural or artificial

Passive: natural or artificial
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Review Question
 Sneezing, coughing, and vomiting are examples of
which level of immune defense?
A.
B.
C.
D.
first level
second level
third level
fourth level
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Word Parts
an- = no, not, without
-emia = blood condition
sider/o = iron
-penia = deficiency
Terms Related to Nutritional
Anemias (D50-D53)
 B12 deficiency anemia
 Folate deficiency anemia
 Pernicious anemia
 Sideropenia
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Word Parts
hem/o = blood
-lytic = pertaining to
breaking down
auto- = self
immune = safety,
protection
globin/o = protein
-pathy = diseae process
sphre/o = sphere
-cytosis = condition of
abnormal increase in cells
thalass/o = sea
Terms Related to Hemolytic
Anemias (D55-D59)
 Hemolytic anemia
 Autoimmune acquired hemolytic
anemia
 Nonautoimmune acquired
hemolytic anemia
 Glucose-6-phosphatedehydrogenase (G6PD)
 Hemoglobinopathy
 Hereditary spherocytosis
 Thalassemia
-emia = blood condition
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Terms Related to Hemolytic Anemias (D55-D59)
 Sickle-cell disorders
 Sickle cell trait
 Sickle cell anemia

Sickle cell crisis
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Word Parts
post- = after
hem/o = blood
-rrhagic = pertaining to
bursting forth
a- = no, not, without
plast/o – formation
-ic = pertaining to
erythr/o = red
blast/o = embryonic,
immature
-penia condition of
deficiency
Terms Related to Aplastic and
Other Anemias and Other
Bone Marrow Failure
Syndromes (D60-D64)
 Acute posthemorrhagic anemia
 Aplastic anemia
 Erythroblastopenia
 Myelophthisis
Normal cellularity
 Pancytopenia
myel/o = bone marrow
-phthisis = wasting
pan- = all
cyt/o = cell
Hypocellularity in pancytopenia
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Word Parts
intra- = within
vascul/o = vessel
-ar = pertaining to
coagul/o = clotting
-pathy = disease process
hem/o = blood
-philia = condition of
attraction
purpur/o = purple
-a = noun ending
thromb/o = clot, clotting
Terms Related to Coagulation
Defects, Purpura, and Other
Hemorrhagic Conditions
(D65-D69)
 Disseminated intravascular
coagulopathy (DIC)
 Hemophilia
 Purpura
 Thrombocytopenia
 Thrombophilia
cyt/o = cell
Purpura
-penia = deficiency
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Word Parts
erythr/o = red
-cytosis = condition of
abnormal increase of
cells
met(a)- = change
hem/o = blood
globin/o = protein
Terms Related to Other
Disorders of Blood and BloodForming Organs (D70-D77)
 Erythrocytosis
 Methemoglobinemia
 Myelofibrosis
 Plasmacytosis
-emia = blood condition
myel/o = bone marrow
fibr/o = fiber
-osis = abnormal
condition
Myelofibrosis
plasm/o = plasma
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Word Parts
leuk/o = white
-penia = deficiency
eosin/o = rosy-colored
Terms Related to Coagulation
Defects, Purpura, and Other
Hemorrhagic Conditions
(D65-D69)
 Leukopenia
mono- = one

cyt/o = cell

lymph/o = lymph/o

neutr/o = neutral

band/o = bands
Eosinopenia
Monocytopenia
Lymphocytopenia
Neutropenia

Bandemia
-emia = blood condition
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Word Parts
leuk/o = white
-cytosis = abnormal
increase of cells
Terms Related to Coagulation
Defects, Purpura, and Other
Hemorrhagic Conditions
(D65-D69)
 Leukocytosis
mono- = one

bas/o = base

-philia = attraction

eosin/o = rosy-colored

neutr/o = neutral

Monocytosis
Basophilia
Eosinophilia
Neutrophilia
Lymphocytosis
lymph/o = lymph
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Word Parts
a- = no, not, without
splen/o = spleen
-ia = condition
hyper- = excessive
-ism = condition
Terms Related to Coagulation
Defects, Purpura, and Other
Hemorrhagic Conditions
(D65-D69)
 Asplenia
 Hypersplenism
 Splenitis
-itis = inflammation
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Word Parts
septic/o = infection
-emia = blood condition
sept/o = infection
-ic = pertaining to
Systemic Infections of the
Blood
 Septicemia
 Septic shock
 Systemic inflammatory response
syndrome (SIRS)
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Word Parts
auto- = self
immun/o = safety,
protection
syn- together
-drome = run
hypo- = deficiency
globulin/o = protein
-emia = blood condition
sarc/o = flesh
Certain Disorders Involving
the Immune Mechanism
(D80-D89)
 Autoimmune lymphoproliferative
syndrome (ALPS)
 Graft-versus-host disease
(GVHD)
 Hypogammaglobulinemia
 Sarcoidosis
-oid = like
-osis = abnormal
condition
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Word Parts
immun/o = safety,
protection
auto- = self
Other Immune Disorders
 Acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome (AIDS)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
 Autoimmune disease
HIV life cycle
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Review Question
 Which type of anemia is an iron deficiency?
A. pernicious anemia
B. sideropenia
C. aplastic anemia
D. thalassemia
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Review Question
 What is a group of inherited bleeding disorders
characterized by a deficiency of one of the factors
necessary for the coagulation of blood?
A.
B.
C.
D.
purpura
thrombocytopenia
hemophilia
polycythemia vera
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Word Parts
myel/o = bone marrow
dys-= abnormal
-plastic = pertaining to
forming
Benign Neoplasms
 Myelodysplastic syndrome
 Polycythemia vera
 Thymoma
poly- = many, much
cyt/o = cell
-(h)emia = blood
condition
vera = true
thym/o = thymus
-oma = tumor, mass
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Malignant Neoplasms
Word Parts
lymph/o = lymph
cyt/o = cell
-ic = pertaining to
leuk/o = white
-emia = blood condition
myel/o = bone marrow
-genous = pertaing to
originating
from
 Acute lymphocytic
leukemia (ALL)
 Acute myelogenous
leukemia (AML)
 Chronic lymphocytic
leukemia (CLL)
 Chronic myelogenous
leukemia (CML)
Leukemia
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Word Parts
lymph/o = lymph
-oma = tumor, mass
myel/o = bone marrow
Malignant Neoplasms
 Hodgkin lymphoma
 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
 Multiple myeloma
 Malignant thymoma
thym/o = thymus
Multiple myeloma
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Review Question
 Which of the following is a cancer diagnosed by the
presence of Reed-Sternberg cells?
A.
B.
C.
D.
multiple myeloma
Hodgkin lymphoma
thymic carcinoma
non-Hodgkin lymphoma
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Laboratory Tests
 AIDS tests
 ELISA, Western blot
 Allergy testing
 Patch
 Scratch
 Intradermal
Western blot test
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Laboratory Tests
 Basic metabolic panel
 Calcium, glucose, electrolytes, creatinine, BUN
 Comprehensive metabolic panel
 BMP + protein, liver function, and glucose
 Blood cultures
Blood culture
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Word Parts
anti- = against
-globulin = protein
substance
hemat/o = blood
-crit = separate
hem/o = blood
-globin = protein
substance
Laboratory Tests
 Complete blood cell count (CBC)
 Coombs antiglobulin test
 Diff count
 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
(ESR)
 Hematocrit (Hct)

Packed cell volume (PCV)
 Hemoglobin (Hgb, Hb)
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Word Parts
hem/o = blood
-globin = protein
substance
thromb/o = clot, clotting
-plastin = forming
substance
pro- before
-thrombin = clotting
substance
Laboratory Tests
 Mean corpuscular hemoglobin
(MCH)
 Mean corpusuclar hemoglobin
concentration (MCHC)
 Partial thromboplastin time
(PTT)
 Prothrombin time (PT)
 Schilling Test
 White blood cell count (WBC)
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Word Parts
-apheresis = removal
leuk/o = white
plasm/o = plasma
platelet/o = platelet
auto- = self
log/o = study
-ous = pertaining to
trans- = across
Blood and Bone Marrow
Procedures
 Apheresis



Leukapheresis
Plasmapheresis
Plateletpheresis
 Blood transfusion
 Autologous
 Autotransfusion
 Hemostasis
Autologous blood
transfusion
-fusion = pouring
hem/o = blood
-stasis = stopping,
controlling
Be Careful! Do not confuse -apheresis, meaning
removal of blood, with -poiesis, which means
formation.
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Blood and Bone Marrow Procedures
 Bone marrow transplant (BMT)
 Autologous
 Homologous
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Word Parts
adenoid/o = adenoid
-ectomy = cutting out
bi/o = life
-opsy = viewing
Lymphatic and Immune
System Interventions
 Adenoidectomy
 Biopsy of lymphatic structures
 Lymphadenectomy
 Splenectomy
lymphat/o = lymph
-ic = pertaining to
lymphaden/o = lymph
gland
Splen/o = spleen
Adenoidectomy
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Review Question
 Which of the following can be used as a suffix or
stand alone term to mean removal?
A.
B.
C.
D.
apheresis
poiesis
fusion
porosis
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Suffixes and Root Operations for the Blood, BloodForming Organs, and Immune Mechanisms
 -ectomy
excision, resection
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Sort these terms into their correct categories
Terms
1. thalassemia
2. phagocytosis
3. hematocrit
4. apheresis
Categories
__ A+P
__ Pathology
__ Procedures
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