Transcript Iowa State University

NYLA IMANI RUIZ
AP PSYCHOLOGY – BLOCK2
MARCH 22, 2013
KEY VOCABULARY
▪ Behavioral Medicine
▪ Health Psychology
▪ Stress
▪ General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
▪ Coronary Heart Disease
▪ Type A
▪ Type B
▪ Psychophysiological Illness
▪ Lymphocytes
▪ Coping
▪ Problem-Focused Coping
▪ Emotion-Focused Coping
▪ Aerobic Exercise
▪ Biofeedback
▪ Complementary and Alternative Medicine
BEHAVIORAL MEDICINE
▪ The field of behavioral
medicine is based on the
understanding that mind
and body interact.
▪ Health psychology is within
this field and it studies the
way our attitudes,
emotions, behaviors, and
personality influence our
health, well-being, and risk
of disease
WHAT IS STRESS?
▪ The process by which we respond to
stressful events, which are called
stressors
▪ An important part of this process is our
appraisal of an event which helps
determine whether our response with
be healthy feelings or overwhelming
feelings of distress.
*Daily hassles are the most significant
sources of stress for most people and can
damage health and well being.
DUAL-TRACK SYSTEM
▪ Fight or Flight
Response (fast track) –
identified by Walter
Cannon; sympathetic
nervous system
responds to a stressor
on several fronts: inner
parts of adrenal glands
pour out epinephrine
and norepinephrine,
heart and respiration
rates increase, blood
flows away from
digestive organs and
toward skeletal
muscles, sensations of
pain diminish, and the
body releases stored
sugar and fat.
▪ Slow track – the
cerebral cortex
stimulates the
hypothalamus and the
pituitary gland to
trigger the release of
glucocorticoid stress
hormones from the
outer part of the
adrenals.
3 PHASES OF GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME
▪ General Adaptation Syndrome: Hans Selye’s concept of the body’s response to
stress
▪ 3 Stages:
▪ Alarm (temporary shock state in which the body mobilizes resources)
▪ Resistance (period of coping with the stressor)
▪ Exhaustion (depletion of reserves following prolonged stress)
STRESS AND THE HEART
▪ Stress can increase the chance of getting coronary heart
disease. Stress and coronary heart disease are linked because
of negative emotions such as depression, pessimism, and
anger.
▪ Friedman-Rosenman study: first to show that anger-heartdisease link and contrasted Type A and Type B personalities
▪ Type A: competitive, hard-driving, impatient, and angerprone
▪ Type B: easygoing and relaxed
▪ Under stress, Type A people are physiologically more reactive.
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL ILLNESS AND
HYPOCHONDRIASIS
▪ Psychophysiological Illness: used to describe stress-related physical illnesses, such
as high blood pressure
▪ Real illnesses differ from hypochondriasis: misinterpreting normal physical
sensations as symptoms of a disease
STRESS ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, AIDS, AND
CANCER
▪ B lymphocytes: in bone
marrow; release
antibodies that fight
bacterial infections
▪ AIDS is not cause by
stress; it is caused by
the HIV virus
▪ T lymphocytes: in thymus
and lymphatic tissue;
fight cancer cells, viruses,
and foreign substances
▪ However, stress and
negative emotions may
accelerate the
progression from viral
infection to actual AIDS.
▪ Stress does not directly
cause disease but hen
energy is diverted away
from immune system
activities and redirected
toward the stressresponse system, we
become more vulnerable
to infections and disease.
▪ Stress doesn’t create
cancer cells.
PROBLEM-FOCUSED COPING VS. EMOTIONFOCUSED COPING
▪ Problem-focused coping: reduce stress directly by changing the events that trigger
stress reactions or by changing the way we react to those events
▪ Emotion-focused coping: putting distance between ourselves and a stressor, or
attending to our own emotional needs
COPING WITH STRESS
▪ Social support acting as
a buffer – supportive
family members,
marriage partners,
close friends, and
companionable pets
help people cope with
stressful events.
AEROBIC EXERCISE AS A TECHNIQUE FOR
MANAGING STRESS
▪ Stress-management programs often include aerobic exercise: sustained exercise
that increases heart and lung fitness
▪ Raises energy level, increases self-confidence, lowers tension, and may alleviate
depression and anxiety
▪ Studies have linked aerobic exercise to lowered blood pressure, increased arousal,
higher levels of neurotransmitters that boost moods, enhanced cognitive abilities,
and growth of new brain cells.
BIOFEEDBACK AND RELAXATION TRAINING AS
STRESS-MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES
▪ Biofeedback and relaxation exercises have been effective in combating
hypertension, anxiety, and insomnia, and in lowering rates of recurring heart
attacks.
http://www.fitnessmagazine.com/workout/yoga/poses/beginn
er-yoga-poses/
YOGA EXERCISES
FOR BEGINNERS
Click on the link
LONGEVITY AND RELIGIOSITY
▪ The cause-effect relationship
between regular religious
attendance and longer life span:
▪ Religiously active people have
healthy lifestyles
▪ Faith communities often
function as social support
networks and often
encourage marriage
▪ Religious attendance may
enhance feelings of positive
emotions and decrease
feelings of stress and anxiety
SMOKING
▪ People usually smoke from either peer
▪ Discourage young people from smoking:
pressure or stress. One in three early
smokers will develop a physiological
▪ Provide information about the effects of
addiction to nicotine, which is as hard of
smoking
an addiction to break as heroin or cocaine.
▪ To try and quit smoking, people can:
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
Set a quit date
Inform family and friends of decision
Remove all cigarettes
Review successful strategies from previous
attempts
Use nicotine patch or gum
Abstain totally from smoking
Abstain from alcohol
Avoid places where smoking is permitted
Exercise
▪ Educate young people about the influence
peers, parents, and the media
▪ Use modeling and role playing to train young
people in refusal skills
OBESITY
▪ Fat is a concentrated fuel reserve, however, this tendency is
maladaptive for humans today due to food accessibility.
▪ Lack of exercise and high-calorie foods have increase the
obesity rate, which can cause diabetes, high blood pressure,
heart disease, gallstones, arthritis, sleep disorders, and
certain types of cancer.
▪ Obese people encounter weight discrimination when
seeking a job, relationships, and interacting with family.
▪ Being overweight is partly genetic, but genes don’t
determine body weight.
▪ Environmental factors, such as eating high-calorie foods, are
crucial as well.
▪ Improve chances of weight loss:
▪
▪
Begin a weight loss program when you are feeling motivated and selfdisciplined
Minimize exposure to tempting foods
▪
Exercise
▪
Set realistic and moderate goals
▪
Eat healthy foods
▪
Space small meals throughout the day
▪
Forgive yourself if you relapse
STRESS TEST AND VIDEO CLIP
▪ http://www.dso.iastate.edu/asc/academic/handouts/health/stressquiz.pdf
▪ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IdR9bFBEx4g
QUIZ
1.
Describe someone who has a Type A personality.
2.
Someone who gets a paper cut and thinks they are going to die due to excessive bleeding would be
characterized as a ________________.
3.
Name and describe the 3 phases of general adaptation.
4.
White blood cells that fight bacterial infections and attack cancer cells and viruses are called?
5.
What are some techniques that could help people cope or deal with stress?
6.
Why has the obesity rate increased over time and what effects can being overweight have on a person’s
body?
7.
Differentiate between stress and a stressor. Give an example of each.
8.
Describe the two pathways by which the brain sends stress signals to the rest of the body.
9.
How does stress increase the risk of disease by inhibiting the activity of the body’s immune system?
10. Taylor's doctor suggested that a program of relaxation training would provide the best treatment for her high
blood pressure. He probably considers Andrea's hypertension to be a(n) ________ illness.
WORKS CITED
"8 Seconds to Less Stress | A Little Bit Better With Keri Glassman." YouTube. YouTube,
10 July 2012. Web. 22 Mar. 2013.
Myers, David G., and Sueur-Almosni Florence. Le. "Stress and Health." Psychology. 8th
ed. Paris: Flammarion, 2007. 549-92. Print.
"Stress Management - How Sensitive Are You to Stress." Iowa State University. Iowa
State University, n.d. Web. 22 Mar. 2013.
"Yoga 101: Poses for Beginners." Fitness Magazine. Fitness Magazine, n.d. Web. 22
Mar. 2013.
THE END
Don’t let stress get the best of you
or else you might put your health
at risk