Transcript Understanding the the immune system

Understanding The
Immune System
Presented by
MICro 451
IMMUNOLOGY
Prof. Nagwa Mohamed Amin Aref
Developed by:
Lydia Schindler
Donna Kerrigan, M.S.
Jeanne Kelly
Brian Hollen
Illustrates the immune system, a complex
network of specialized cells and organs that
distinguishes between self and foreign
molecules inside the body. Explains that a
malfunctioning immune system can cause
allergies or arthritis and can fail to stop the
growth of cancer cells.
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The Immune System
Bacteria
Parasite in red blood cell
SARS virus
Fungus
Markers of Self
Epithelial
cell
Muscle cell
Leukocyte
Nerve
cell
Class I MHC self-marker protein
Markers of Non-Self
Bacteria
SARS virus
Epitope
Antigen
Antibody
Non-self nerve cell
Non-self leukocyte
Antigen
Epitope
Class I MHC protein
Antibody
Markers of Self:
Major Histocompatibility Complex
Viral
infection
Antigenic
peptide
Antigenic
peptide
Antigenic
peptide
MHC
Class I
MHC
Class I
MHC
Class II
Antigen-presenting cell
uses MHC Class I or II
Infected cell
Cell
membrane
Organs of the Immune System
Tonsils and adenoids
Lymph nodes
Lymphatic vessels
Thymus
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Peyer’s patches
Appendix
Lymph nodes
Bone marrow
Lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic System
Lymph node
Lymphatic vessel
Lymph Node
Incoming lymphatic vessel
Germinal
center
Follicle
Paracortex
Cortex
Medulla
Outgoing lymphatic vessel
Vein
Artery
Cells of the Immune System
Bone graft
Macrophage
Marrow
Mast cell
Eosinophil
Erythrocytes
Basophil
Monocyte
Bone
Megakaryocyte
Hematopoietic
stem cell
Multipotential
stem cell
Myeloid
progenitor Neutrophil
cell
Platelets
Lymphoid progenitor cell
T lymphocyte
Dendritic cell
B lymphocyte
Natural killer cell
B Cells
Antigen-specific
B cell receptor
Class II MHC and
processed antigen
are displayed
Antigen
Antibodies
B cell
Lymphokines
Antigen-presenting
bacteria
Plasma cell
Activated
helper T cell
Antibody
Heavy chain
Light chain
Antigen-binding
region
Constant region
Assembled antibody molecule
Immunoglobulins
IgG, IgD, IgE, and IgA
IgA
IgM
Antibody Genes
V
V
Heavy chain
V
D
D
J
J
J
J
C
Gene components
scattered through
one chromosome
Light chain
V
D
J
C
Rearranged
gene
components
encoding a
heavy chain
Antigenbinding region
Constant
region
Assembled
antibody
molecule
T Cells
Resting helper T cell
Resting cytotoxic T cell
Activated helper T cell
Activated killer cell
Cytokines
Lymphokines
Mature helper T cell
Monokines
Macrophage
Killer Cells: Cytotoxic Ts and NKs
Killer cell
Surface contact
Target cell
Target-oriented
granules
Phagocytes and Their Relatives
Monocyte
Eosinophil
Mast cell
Macrophage
Dendritic cell
Neutrophil
Basophil
Phagocytes in the Body
Brain:
microglial cells
Lung:
alveolar
macrophages
Liver:
Kupffer cells
Kidney:
mesangial
phagocytes
Lymph node:
resident and
recirculating
macrophages
Spleen:
macrophages
Blood:
monocytes
Precursors in bone
marrow
Joint:
synovial A cells
Complement
C2
C3
C3a
C5a
C1
C7
C6
C8
C5b
IgG
C5b
Antigen
C4
Enzyme
C3b
C5
C9
Mounting an Immune Response
Lymphokines
Complement
T cell
Antibodies
B cell
Macrophage
Killer cell
Virus
Antigen Receptors
B cell
Killer cell
Antigenspecific
receptor
Antigen
Cell
membrane
MHC
Class I
Antigen-presenting cell
Helper T cell
T cell
receptor
CD8
protein
Cell
membrane
Infected cell
Antigenic
peptide
MHC
Class I
CD4
protein
Cell
membrane
T cell
receptor
Antigenic
peptide
MHC
Class II
Antigen-presenting cell
Activation of B Cells to Make Antibody
Circulating antibody
Antigen
Antigen-specific
B cell receptor
Antigen
Class II MHC
B cell
Antigenpresenting cell
Antigen is
processed
Class II MHC Antigen-presenting cell
and
processed
antigen are
displayed
Lymphokines
Activated
helper T cell
Antibodies
Plasma cell
Activation of T Cells: Helper
Antigen is
processed
Antigen
Processed antigen
and Class II MHC
are displayed
Macrophage
Class II MHC
Monokines
Helper T cell receptor
recognizes processed
antigen plus Class II
MHC
Antigen-presenting cell
Resting helper T cell
Lymphokines
MHC Class II
Activated helper T cell
Antigenic peptide
T cell receptor
CD4 protein
Helper T cell
Activation of T Cells: Cytotoxic
Antigen is
processed
Antigen
Processed antigen
and Class II MHC
are displayed
Macrophage
Resting helper T cell
receptor recognizes
processed antigen
plus Class II MHC
Class II MHC
Monokines
Resting helper T cell
Lymphokines
Activated helper T cell
Class I MHC
Processed antigen and Class I MHC
Infected cell
Antigen (virus)
Antigenic peptide
CD8 protein
Cytotoxic T cell
Infected cell
MHC Class I
Cytotoxic T cell
becomes activated
T cell receptor
Activated
cytotoxic T cell
Processed antigen
(viral protein)
Cell
dies
Cytotoxic T cell
Regulatory T Cells
T cells compete
for same antigen
T cells compete for
cytokine signals
Cytotoxic
T cell
Mature
dendritic
cell
Regulatory
T cell
Regulatory
T cells
Proliferation
Immunity: Active and Passive
Active immunity
Passive immunity
Naturally acquired
Naturally acquired
Artificially acquired Artificially acquired
Disorders of the Immune System: Allergy
Interleukins
Allergen
IgE
Mediators
Symptoms
B cell
Mature
helper
T cell
Plasma cell
Mast cell
Disorders of the Immune System:
Autoimmune Disease
Pancreas
Cytotoxic T cell
Beta cell
Disorders of the Immune System:
Immune Complex Disease
Glomerular basement
membrane of kidney
Large complex
Endothelial cell
Small complex
Disorders of the Immune System: AIDS
Virus protein
Virus RNA
Virus DNA
Cell DNA
New virus
particle
Human Tissue Typing for Transplants
HLA
Chromosome 6
D
B
C
A
Leukocyte
MHC protein
“Privileged” Immunity
Chorionic villi
Immunity and Cancer
Antibody
Macrophage
Cancer cell
Helper T cell
Natural
killer cell
Cytotoxic T cell
Immunotherapy
Radioisotope
Herceptin
Growth
factor
Antibody
Antigen
Breast
cancer cell
Lymphoma
cell
Lymphoma cell
destroyed
Growth slows
Herceptin
blocks
receptor
Dendritic Cells That Attack Cancer
Dendritic cell
matures and is
infused back into
patient
Complex binds
to dendritic cell
precursor
Tumor antigen
Tumor
antigen is
linked to a
cytokine
T cell
Complex is
taken in by
dendritic cell
precursor
Dendritic cell
displays tumor
antigen and
activates T cells
Cancer cell
T cells attack cancer cell
The Immune System
and the Nervous System
Brain
Neuroendocrine
and autonomic
pathways
Thymus
Bone
marrow
Thymosins
T cell
Macrophage
B cell
Immunotransmitters
(feedback, regulation
and modulation)
Lymphokines
Monokines
Hybridoma Technology
Antigen
Cells fuse
to make
hybridomas
Cancerous
plasma cells
Antibody-producing
plasma cells
Clones are tested for
desired antibody
Hybridoma cells
grow in culture
Individual hybridoma
cells are cloned
Desired
clones are
cultured
and frozen
Hybridomas are
kept alive in mouse
Monoclonal antibodies
are purified
Genetic Engineering
A plasmid (ring of DNA) is
isolated from a bacterium
An enzyme cuts the
DNA at specific sites
A gene for protein, taken
from another cell, is cut with
the same enzyme
The gene is inserted into the
plasmid, where it fits exactly. This
is recombinant DNA
When the bacterium
divides and replicates,
it copies itself and the
recombinant DNA
The recombinant
plasmid is
inserted back into
the bacterium
The new gene
directs the
bacterium to
make a new
protein
product such
as interferon
The SCID-hu Mouse
Immature human
immune tissue
Immature human
immune cells
Mouse kidneys
Immuno-incompetent SCID mouse
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