Transcript Blood and Immunity Review

Blood and Immunity Review
By
Akrum Hamdy
The Components of Blood
1. Red blood cells
2. White blood cells
3. Plasma
4. Platelets
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
Function:
• “working class”
• Deliver oxygen to the tissues
of the body, and transport
carbon dioxide to the lungs.
Structure:
• No nucleus or organelles
(leaves room for
hemoglobin)
• Round with a hollow domed
depression.
Hemoglobin
• Is a protein that carries oxygen on RBC’s.
– Oxyhemoglobin
• When hemoglobin picks up carbon dioxide we call it:
– Carbaminohemoglobin
Each is composed of heme, and iron-containing pigment.
The iron is what is responsible for binding with the oxygen.
Anemia
• Lack of oxygen delivery to
tissues.
• Results when there is a
deficiency in hemoglobin or red
blood cells (will have low iron
levels as well).
• Characterized by low energy
levels.
• Most common cause of low
RBC count is hemorrhage.
– Also: physical injury, bleeding
ulcer, bleeding lungs b/c of
tuberculosis, and iron deficiency).
White Blood Cells
(Leukocytes)
Function:
• “fighting elite”
• Important in defending the
body against infections and
foreign substances (via
phagocytosis and antibodies).
Structure:
• Have a nucleus.
Platelets
Function:
• Produced by large nucleated cells
in the bone marrow. Small
fragments of larger cells (very
small).
Blood Clots:
• Damaged tissue releases a
substance that attracts platelets
(makes them “sticky”). The
platelet swells and sticks to the
tissue. These platelets attract
more platelets, until they form a
plug and stop the bleeding.
• A dry clot exposed to air is called
a “scab”.
The Purpose of Blood Clotting
• Prevents the loss of blood from a torn or ruptured blood
vessel.
• When damage occurs platelets are activated and
accumulate in that location.
• Platelets release a protein called thromboplastin.
• Thromboplastin and calcium ions activate a plasma
protein called prothrombin
thromboplastin and Ca
prothrombin

thrombin
• Thrombin  fibrinogen fibrin
Plasma
Function:
• “Fluid portion of blood”
• Pale yellow fluid (serum) that contains
most of the nutrient and chemical needs
to the body.
Plasma Continued
Components of Blood Plasma:
 Water
 Nutrients (glucose and amino acids)
 Gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
 Proteins (for transport, clotting and antibodies)
 Albumins, proteins that establish the osmotic pressure that
draws water back into the capillaries.
 Globulins, provide protection against invading microbes.
 Fibrinogen, important in blood clotting.
 Ions (sodium, chlorine and potassium)
 Hormones
 Vitamins and minerals
Definitions:
• Antigen  protein that is foreign from your body. They
come from bacteria, viruses, allergens, or tissues from
another organism. Stimulates the formation of
antibodies.
• Antibody  is a protein made by YOUR body, that
react (“stick”) with an antigen.
• Agglutination  When an antibody binds to an
antigen, they will all clump together, making it much
easier for leukocytes (WBC) to find the foreign body.
Blood
Group
Antigens
Antibodies
Can You
Give Blood
To
Can Receive
blood from
AB
A and B
None
AB
AB, A, B,
O
A
A
B
A and AB
A and O
B
B
A
B and AB
B and O
O
None
A and B
AB, A, B,
and O
O
Vaccines
• Living attenuated microbes: These are
mutants of microbes that have lost the ability,
either naturally or by treatment in the
laboratory, to produce the dangerous, clinical
disease.
• Dead Microbes: These vaccines consist of
growing up cultures of the virulent, diseaseproducing microbial strains and killing them in
such a way that they retain their ability to
stimulate the body to produce an
immunological response to the live form.
First Line of Defense: Non-specific
Immunity
Second Line of Defense: NonSpecific Immunity
• Activated if invaders take up residence
within the body.
• Phagocytic cells
– Macrophage and Neutrophils
Recognizing Harmful Antigens
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
a.
b.
Bacterium enters body
Infected cells and macrophages
release interleukin 1 which
activates helper T cells.
Once the macrophage has
engulfed the bacterium, it pushes
the antigen markers to its outer
membrane and presents it to the
helper T cell.
Helper T cells identify the antigen
present on the surface of the
macrophage and are now turned
“ON”. Release interleukin 2.
Interleukin 2 stimulates:
B cells identifies the blueprint of
the antigen and begins to divide,
turn into plasma cells and
produce antibodies.
Stimulate killer T cells. Cause the
infected cells to lyses.
B cells
• Function:
produce
antibodies.
• Each B cell
produced a
specific antibody.
Primary Response Takes 10-17 days
Secondary Response Takes 2-7 days
Antigen-Antibody Reactions
Antibodies:
• Antibodies are Y shaped
and designed to target
foreign invaders.
• Specific antibody =
specific antigen
• Tails are constant; variable
region at outer ends of the
arms.
• Each antibody can only
attach to its
complementary marker.
AIDS is an immunodeficiency
disease caused by a virus
• Virus infects helper T cells.
• Immune system is suppressed
SAFE SEX!!!
Allergies
• Occurs when your immune system mistakes harmless
antigens for harmful invaders.
• For example: If you are allergic to peanuts, your body
recognizes one of the proteins in peanuts as
dangerous.
• Tissue swelling, mucous secretions and sometimes
closed airways are a part of the immune response.
Anaphylactic Reactions
(severe allergic rxns)
• These reactions involve the circulatory or
respiratory systems; accompanied by
swelling, hives, and itching.
• When you ingest something (food or
medicine) that your body believes is
dangerous, it releases a chemical
messenger bradykinin. The chemical
stimulates the release of histamine.
Autoimmune Diseases
• Immune system attacks own body cells
and tissues.
• Mutated B and T cells
• The failure of suppressor T cells to
control the renegade cell is an
autoimmune disease (rheumatoid
arthritis and MS).
Organ Transplant Matches
• Major histocompatibility complex protein
fingerprints unique to each individual.
• Often look to close relatives for transplant.
• Research of drugs that will stops the immune
rejection of the transplant. Downfall, is that
this increases patient risk for infection.
HAPPY STUDYING!!!