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Molecular biology and in vivo imaging 질병의 진행 1. 유전자적 변화 2. 분자·세포 변화 3. 생리학적 변화 4. 해부학적 변화 Golgi complex ER Bioinformatics, HTS, Proteomics 유전체적 SEM, TEM, NMR RT(MP)-Confocal M, 기능적 Animal Imaging System (IVIS-200, Cell-visio), PET, SPECT, DTI, f-MRI X-ray, CT, MRI, Ultrasound 가시적 영상기반 진단, 분석 Stress stress Cortisol (Glucocorticoid) Stimulation • Protein catabolism • Gluconeogenesis (liver) • Triacyglycerol catabolism (adipose tissue) Inhibition • Insulin secretion (not brain) • Inflammation and Immune response • Digest tract Diabetes Ulcer Cancer Retarded growth Effects on mood and behavior Depression Memory loss Adrenaline • Cardiac output and Heart rate • Ventilation • Coagulability of blood Hypertension Heart attack 스트레스 Rolling winds send a tree trunk and debris your way. Thankfully, your stress system helps you cope. The brain's hypothalamus releases the hormone corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) and its effects make your guard go up. CRF travels to the pituitary gland and triggers the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). This hormone travels in the blood to the adrenal glands and instructs them to release a third hormone, cortisol. The hormones rally the body systems and provide energy to help you deal with the stressful situation. You quickly flee. Perpetual or severe stress, however, may upset the stress system and harm the brain. Stress and HPA axis Memory: Swim Maze 꿀밤 ? 머리 충격 실험 1. 2. 풋볼선수 : 말하기 듣기 쓰기 능력 테스트 (시즌 전과 후) 축구선수 : 기억력 테스트 (육상선수, 수영선수와 비교) 두뇌의 대사상태 EVEN IF A BLOW TO THE HEAD REVEALS NO MAJOR OUTSIDE SIGNS OF TROUBLE, THERE STILL MAY BE SOME PROBLEMS INSIDE THE BRAIN. 여자와 남자 기억력? Research even hints that the hormone can affect male brain function. One small study showed that men with naturally high estrogen levels could draw a design retrieved from memory better than those with lower levels. 여성호르몬과 뇌기능 단서 : 여성호르몬 에스트로젠을 맞는 페경기 여성의 기억력이 증가 - 여성호르몬이 뇌의 기능을 촉진 실험 : 어른 쥐에게 에스토로젠 주사 -- 신경세포의 dendrites가 많이 발달 (다른 신경세포에서 신호를 전달 받는 곳) -- 각 신경세포간에 communication web을 강화 함으로써 기억력 증가 응용 : 치매환자의 특정한 신경세포가 손상 -- 손상된 세포는 여성호르몬 수용체와 이와 관련된 화학물질이 있음 (NGF) Estrogen (left) resulted in a two-fold increase of the number of spines in rat embryo brain cells compared to those without the supplements of estrogen (right). The cells were taken from brain areas responsible for memory processes. Memory in Molecular level 직장엄마의 아이들은 ? In one study, moms and babies were briefly separated and reunited, which led the moms to intensely lick and groom them. As adults, these rodents were more resistant to stressful situations and had less anxiety. The researchers also found that infant rodents who were naturally lavished by exceptional physical attention from their mothers had similarly stable stress responses and low anxiety in adulthood. On the flip side, animal research indicates that situations where babies are blocked from a parent's physical attention cause life-long abnormalities in the stress system. In the studies, rodent infants were removed from their moms and placed in an incubator as a group for a few hours a day for several days. These animals had an increased response to stress in adulthood. It's thought that lack of touch triggers an inappropriate activation of the stress system. Scientists found that merely stroking the infant rodents with a tiny brush could prevent many of the effects of the long separation. 부모의 관심과 유아 뇌의 발달 Researchers also have found that physical attention helps maintain the architecture of the brain and, possibly, certain memory abilities. THE TWO IMAGES PICTURED ABOVE INDICATE THE IMPORTANCE OF MATERNAL CARE. Squirrel Monkey Glucocorticoid Receptor 1 428 AF 488 527 DBD HG NLS1 (478-500) 777 LBD Experimental Setup Male squirrel monkeys Birth Early-life stressors 10 weeks 21 weeks Restraint test Mid-life stressors 8.5 years 10 years Experimental Setup dlPFC wmPFC vmPFC 1 out of 10 20µm sections: 22 sections from rostral when it forms a tripod to caudal just anterior of striatum cafewall squaress Big man judy Angels devils Melancholia Albrecht Durer (1471-1528) “Good Luck” Dealing with Stress!