Transcript POWERPOINT JEOPARDY

Nervous
System
Action
Potential
Math
Immune
Response
Immune
System
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Question 1 - 10
Which of these
stimuli produce
the same type of
action potential:
smell; taste;
touch; sight;
sound.
Answer 1 – 10
They all send the exact same
depolarizing action
potential. The difference
lies elsewhere… See
Nervous System 40 answer
for more.
Question 1 - 20
What is the general
name of a ligand that
sends the message
across the synaptic
cleft to the next
neuron?
Answer 1 – 20
A neurotransmitter, such as dopamine,
acetylcholine, serotonin, etc…
Question 1 - 30
Distinguish between the
post-synaptic and presynaptic neurons.
Answer 1 – 30
The pre-synaptic neuron is the neuron sending
the signal (releases neurotransmitter) to the
post synaptic neuron (receives
neurotransmitter).
Question 1 - 40
If all signals that are
sent to the brain
are created the
same, how does
the brain know
how to interpret
the signal?
Answer 1 – 40
The neurons send the same signal to different
parts of the brain. The different parts of the
brain integrate the message differently,
leading to a difference in interpretation.
Question 1 - 50
What happens when the action
potential reaches the end of
the axon? Start with the opening of
the Ca2+ voltage-gated channels.
Answer 1 – 50
1. Calcium enters at the end of the axon.
2. Calcium binds with the vesicles to move them towards the
terminal.
3. The vesicles release a neurotransmitter across the synapse.
4. The neurotransmitter binds with the receiving neuron or
effector cell.
Question 2 - 10
Is the overall charge inside a neuron
positive or negative?
Answer 2 – 10
Negative. Remember, the
positive ions (sodium, Na+)
flow in to change the overall
charge in the neuron to
positive to start the signal
(action potential).
Question 2 - 20
During depolarization,
what occurs?
Answer 2 – 20
Sodium (Na+) flows into the cell to
make it more positive and begin
the action potential (signal).
Question 2 - 30
What occurs during the
repolarization of the neuron?
Answer 2 – 30
Potassium leaves the neuron to return the
neuron to resting potential. The N+/K+ pump
reestablishes the original placement of the
ions.
Question 2 - 40
Label the phases that are seen at A, B, and C.
A
B
C
Answer 2 – 40
A- Depolarization (Na+ influx)
B- Repolarization (K+ out flux)
C. Hyperpolarization (excess K+ out flux)
Question 2 - 50
If somehow the Na+ gates at the
end of the axon were
stimulated and opened first,
what might happen?
Answer 2 – 50
The action potential would travel the opposite
direction since there would not be excess
cations (positive ions) before that point to
keep it from traveling backwards. The Ca2+
gates would likely also open and continue that
direction.
Question 3 - 10
Calculate the range:
2, 3, 5, 5, 6
Answer 3 – 10
Range is the difference from the maximum to
minimum values given. 6-2 = 4.
Question 3 - 20
Calculate the mode:
2, 3, 5, 5, 6
Answer 3 – 20
Mode is the value found most often. With the
sequence given: 2, 3, 5, 5, 6; 5 is the mode.
Question 3 - 30
Calculate the median:
2, 3, 5, 5, 6
Answer 3 – 30
The median is the number found in the middle
of a given set of numbers. With 2, 3, 5, 5, 6;
5 is the middle value.
Question 3 - 40
Calculate the mean.
2, 3, 5, 5, 6
Answer 3 – 40
The mean is the average. Add all of the
numbers together, and divide by how many
numbers are present in the set.
2 + 3 + 5 + 5 + 6 = 21
21/5 = 4.2
Question 3 - 50
Once upon a time Coach Elliott had
2 green markers. He
subsequently only had in his
possession one green marker.
Now, he has none. What is the
mean?
Answer 3 – 50
1(One); one person; RILEY = one person = mean.
Question 4 - 10
How do cell
distinguish
between self
and
pathogens?
Answer 4 – 10
Direct contact/communication. They feel for
surface proteins and if it is an unknown
protein, it knows it does not belong.
Question 4 - 20
Describe the humoral response
starting after IL-2 is released.
Answer 4 – 20
Once Interluekin-2 is released, the humoral
response begins with the arrival of Blymphocytes (B cells). They will become
mature B cells (and memory B cells) and
create antibodies based on the shape of the
antigen that the T-helper cell presents.
Question 4 - 30
Describe the cell mediated
response starting with the
release of IL-2.
Answer 4 – 30
Interluekin 2 is released from helper T-cells to
summon T lymphocytes. These cytotoxic Tcells will “learn” what surface protein they are
looking for (memory T-cells will also be
created) and seek and destroy those cells
using perforin to punch holes in the pathogen
or infected cell’s cell membrane.
Question 4 - 40
A mother is Rh+ for her blood type
(A+, O+, it doesn’t matter). Her
child is Rh-. Is there any risk of the
unborn child being attacked by
antibodies? Why or why not?
Answer 4 – 40
No, if the mother is Rh+, then she will not
produce any antibodies. There is only risk
when the mother is Rh- and the child is Rh+.
Question 4 - 50
In 4 to 5 brief sentences, describe
the specific immune response.
Answer 4 – 50
Non-brief version.
A macrophage comes in contact with a pathogen
and consumes it, breaking it into pieces, and
presenting the antigen while releasing
interleukin 1. IL1 attracts Helper T cells that
receive the antigen and then call in other
immune cells using IL2. B and T lymphocytes
respond to IL2 and become programmed to
make antibodies to bind with (B cells) or to
seek and destroy (cytotoxic T cells)
pathogens/infected cells.
Question 5 - 10
What is an example of innate,
non-specific immunity?
Answer 5 – 10
Your skin, mucous, “good” bacteria.
Question 5 - 20
These things are produced by
mature B cells and help “tag”
pathogens and free antigens by
binding to them.
Answer 5 – 20
Antibodies!
Question 5 - 30
These cells, sometimes called
antigen-presenting cells,
consume pathogens and send out
IL-1.
Answer 5 – 30
Macrophages! COME SEE WHAT I HAVE DONE!!!
Question 5 - 40
In order to provide specific
immunity to further infections of
the same kind, two types of this
are created.
Answer 5 – 40
Memory cells, both B and T.
Question 5 - 50
The following picture is an example of a
positive feedback loop. Infer what a positive
feedback loop is.
Answer 5 – 50
A positive feedback loop is when a process’s
product or end result eventually causes even
more of the product/result to occur. This
typically leads to an increase in
disorder/entropy.
Final Jeopardy
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