Transcript Lymphatic and Immune System

Lymphatic and Immune
System
Charles C. Cook, MD
A&P
1
Objectives
 List the functions of the lymphatic system.
 Trace the pathway of lymph starting at the lymph
capillary.
 Describe the characteristics of lymph capillaries.
 Compare and contrast lymph vessels and veins.
 Describe the location and function of lymph nodes.
 Describe the location & function of lymphatic trunks.
 List the collecting ducts, their location, & the
individual areas of the body they drain.
2
Objectives
 Identify the cisterna chyli’s location and the areas
of the body from which it receives lymph.
 List the functions of lymph.
 List the characteristics of lymph.
 Describe the mechanism by which lymph is
propelled.
 Define edema and how it may accumulate after
cancer surgery.
3
Objectives
 List the anatomical features and functions of lymph
nodes.
 Describe the major locations of lymph nodes.
 List major lymph structures and their location.
 Thymus
 Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
 Palatine tonsils
 Lingual tonsils
 Spleen

Function
4
Objectives
 Define the following terms.
 Immune system
 Pathogens
 Infection
 Immunity
 Nonspecific Immunity
 Specific Immunity
 Autoimmunity
5
6
Functions of the Lymphatic
System
Circulates body fluid
Transports excess tissue fluid
Defends the body
Absorbs lipids
7
Lymphatic Vessels
 Lymphatic capillaries
 Lymphatic vessels
 Lymph nodes
 Lymphatic trunks
 Collecting ducts
 Thoracic duct
 Right lymphatic duct
8
Lymphatic Capillaries
ORIGINATE AS MICROSCOPIC
CLOSED END TUBES - IN SPACES
BETWEEN CELLS
More porous
Simple squamous epithelium
(endothelium)
9
10
Lymphatic Vessels
FORMED FROM CAPS
SIMILAR to VEINS
VALVES gives beaded appearance
Follow veins
11
12
Lymph Nodes
Structures located along the
lymphatic pathways.
They contain large numbers
of lymphocytes.
13
14
Lymphatic Trunks
Collects lymph from the most
proximal group of each chain
of nodes
15
16
Lymphatic Trunks
Lumbar
Intestinal
Bronchomediastinal
Subclavian
Jugular
17
Collecting ducts
 Thoracic duct
 Right
lymphatic duct –
18
Collecting Ducts
Thoracic Duct
Largest and l- o- n- g- e- r
Receives ¾ of body’s lymph
Drains into left subclavian vein
19
Cisterna Chyli
Dilated portion of the
beginning of the thoracic
duct in the lumbar region
20
Cisterna Chyli
receives lymph from
Lower abdomen
Pelvis, &
Lower limbs
21
22
23
Collecting Ducts
Right Lymphatic Duct
Right thorax and empties
into the right subclavian vein
Drains Right side of head,
neck and right arm
24
25
26
Lymph
Clear, watery fluid
Found inside lymphatic
vessel
27
28
Function of Lymph
Transports various foreign
particles such as bacteria
and viruses
Returns protein back to
blood as well as excess tissue
fluids
29
Movement of Lymph
Skeletal muscle
contraction
Pressure
Valves
30
MILKING ACTION
31
How can a massage
affect Lymph flow?
32
Movement of Lymph
Contraction of
diaphragm
Pressure changes
33
Edema
Accumulation
of fluid in
the tissue
34
35
36
Can a patient develop
edema after an
amputation of an
extremity?
Can this be prevented?
37
Structure of *LNs
Bean shaped
Vary in size
(usually about 1 in.)
Afferent----Entrance
Efferent----Exits at the Hilium
*LN denotes lymph nodes throughout
presentation
38
Lymph Nodes
More afferent vessels than
efferent
covered by fibrous capsule
contain dense masses of
lymphocytes and macrophages
(nodules)
39
40
LYMPH NODE
41
MAJOR LOCATIONS OF
LYMPH NODES
CERVICAL REGION
AXILLARY REGION
INGUINAL REGION
PELVIC CAVITY
ABDOMINAL CAVITY
THORACIC CAVITY
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
Functions of LNs
Produces lymphocytes
Filters interstitial
compartment
Contains macrophages
49
Thymus
Located within the superior
mediastinum. Aprox. 40 gms
First source of lymphocytes
before birth
Development of T-Cells
Thymosin
50
51
52
Tonsils
Protects mouth
Pharyngeal tonsil (Adenoid)
Palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsils
53
54
Spleen
Largest Lymphatic organ
Filters blood not lymph
Production of B-Cells
Normal volume ---- 350 ml
55
Spleen
Defense
Hematopoiesis
RBC and platelet
destruction
56
Spleen
Location
Left hypochondriac region
Below diaphragm
Above left kidney
Behind fundus of stomach
57
The Spleen
Why is the spleen considered a
lymphatic organ although it does not
filters lymph?
Have you ever experienced pain in your
side while you were running?
58
Immunity Terms
 Immune system
 Pathogens
 Infection
 Immunity
 Nonspecific Immunity
 Specific Immunity
 Autoimmunity
59
Immune system
Body’s defense against
disease
60
Pathogens
Microorganism that
causes disease
61
Infection
CAUSED BY THE DISEASE CAUSING AGENTS
62
Immunity
THE BODY’S ABILITY TO
RESIST PATHOGENS
63
Autoimmunity
Attack launched due to
failure to distinguish from self
and non-self substances
64
Questions??
65
Nonspecific Immunity
General Protection
66
Species Resistant
Resistance of a disease of
one species compared to
another
67
Mechanical Barriers
(Physical barriers)
st
1
Line of defense
Skin
Mucous membrane
68
69
Chemical barriers
nd
2
Line of defense
Pepsin
Lysozyme
Vaginal secretions
70
Interferon
Released by virusinfected cells to stop
division of malignant
cells
71
72
Inflammation
 Is there anything good about inflammation?
 Required for healing
73
Inflammation
(Nonspecific)
Due to damaged tissue
cells
Response to tissue
invasion
74
Inflammation
Redness
Pain
Heat
Swelling
75
Stages of Inflammation
1. Vasodilatation
2. Phagocyte migration
3. Repair
76
77
Phagocytosis
Neutrophils
(Microphages)
Monocytes
(Macrophages)
78
79
Specific Immunity
Specific Protection
Antigens
Inventory of self substances
Develop receptors for non-
self
Foreign proteins are
recognized
80
Specific Immunity
Haptens
Smaller molecules that
combine with larger ones to
ignite an immune response
IE… Penicillin and lipid toxin in
poison ivy
81
Specific Immunity
82
Lymphocytes
Originates from stem cells
in red bone marrow
Immature T-cells
Immature B-cells
83
All Lymphocytes
Accounts for 20-30 % of the
circulating WBC population

84
85
Functions of Lymphocytes
T-Cells
Cell-mediated immunity
Secrete lymphotoxins - kills
antigen-bearing cells
Secrete lymphokines
(Cytokines) - stimulate the
immune activity of other cells
86
T-Cells
Cell-mediated immunity
Attacks:
Parasites, fungi, and bacteria
Some cancer cells
Foreign tissue transplants
87
88
Functions of Lymphocytes
B-Cells
Responsible for antibodymediated immunity
Mature in plasma cells
Plasma cells--- synthesize and
secrete antibodies
89
B (bone marrow - derived) Cells
Accounts for 10-15 % of the
circulating lymphocytes
Can differentiate into Plasma
cells
 Plasma cells
Antibodies

90
B-Cells
Antibody-mediated immunity
Attacks:
Antigens dissolved in body
fluids
Extracellular pathogens,
primarily bacteria
91
92
93
94
Types of Antibodies
 Immunoglobin G (IgG) – occurs in
plasma and tissue fluid (Placenta)
 Immunoglobin A (IgA) – found in
secretions of exocrine glands (Breast
milk)
 Immunoglobin M (IgM) –
develops in blood plasma
95
Actions of Antibodies
96
Complement Activation
 Normally inactive
 Becomes active when antibody
combines w/ complement
 Actions: Inflammation, lysis, and
phagocytosis
97
Precipitation – antigens become
insoluble
Lysis- ruptures membrane
Agglutination - Clumping of
antigens
Neutralization – covers toxic
portions
98
99
Immune Responses
Primary immune
response
Response of B & T cells after 1st
exposure
Memory cells
100
Immune Responses
Secondary immune
response
Reaction time is faster due
to memory cells
101
Types
Of
Immunity
102
NATURALLY ACQUIRED
ACTIVE IMMUNITY
NON-DELIBERATE
EXPOSURE TO A
PATHOGEN
103
NATURALLY ACQUIRED
PASSIVE IMMUNITY
PASSAGE OF ANTIBODIES
FROM THE MOTHER TO
THE FETUS
104
ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED
ACTIVE IMMUNITY
DELIBERATE INJECTION OF
PATHOGEN (Vaccination)
IE…FLU Shot
105
ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED
PASSIVE IMMUNITY
INJECTION OF ANTIBODIES
Short Term
IE…Gamma Globulin / HEP A
106
Chicken Pox
IE. IgA, G
IE. Flu Shot
Given the
antibody
107
Types Of Allergic
Reactions
108
ALLERGIC REACTION
EXAGGERATED IMMUNE
RESPONSE
(ALLERGEN)
Normally doesn’t occur
109
Allergic Reactions
Delayed-reaction allergy
Immediate-reaction allergy
110
DELAYED
AFFECT ANYONE
REPEATED/PROLONGED SKIN
EXPOSURE
T-CELL ACTIVATED
APPROX: 48HRS REACTION
Poison Ivy
111
IMMEDIATE REACTION
OCCURS IN MINUTES
INDIVIDUALS GENETICALLY
PREDISPOSED
B-CELL ACTIVATED
RELEASE OF HISTAMINES
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
112
It’s A Wrap
Questions??
113
114
115