Transcript Artificial Tissue and Organ Generation Valerie Fortin BME 281

Artificial Tissue and Organ
Generation
Valerie Fortin
BME 281
Organ Transplants
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Autografts
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Transplanted within a patient
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Allografts
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Surplus, nonvital, or regenerating tissue
e.g. skin grafts
Transplanted from a separate living or
deceased donor
Isographs
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Transplant from genetically identical
individual
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e.g. twins
Types of Donations
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Organs
Tissues
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Heart
Cornea
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Liver
Skin
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Kidneys
Heart Valves
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Lungs
Tendons
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Pancreas
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Intestines
Problems
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Availability
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In 2012, 28,051 people received organs
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On average, 79 people receive organs daily,
but 18 people die due to shortage
Rejection
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In allografts, donor tissue differs genetically
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Triggers an immune response
Ethical Concerns
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Organ donation has caused some controversy
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WHO has released guiding principles
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May only harvest from deceased persons with legal
permission OR “ there is no reason to believe that the
deceased person objected to such removal”
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“In general living donors should be genetically, legally or
emotionally related to their recipients.“
Donors cannot be monetarily compensated
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Opt Out system
Concerns of trafficking and profiteering
Organs or tissues which were obtained through coercion or
exploitation should not be used
Regenerative Medicine
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Uses a patient's own cells to restore
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Includes use of stem cells
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Can grow tissues and organs on sterile
scaffold
Scaffolds
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Artificial structure
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Cells are “seeded” onto it
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Which then grow to form the desired tissue
Materials
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Biodegradable preferred
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Collagen, polyesters
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Polylactic acid
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Degrades into lactic acid
Polyglycolic and polycaprolactone for differing
degradation speeds
Scaffolds (cont.)
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Can also decellularize extracted tissue
samples
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Sterilized cellular matrices act as scaffold
Vascular graft
Scaffolds (cont.)
Rat heart grown around a decellularized scaffold
Benefits
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All genetic material supplied by patient
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Eliminates potential for rejection
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Bypasses need for donor
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No wait list
No compatibility issues
No moral qualms
Drawbacks
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Currently limited
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Can only produce simple hollow structures
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New procedure
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Few cell layers
Stomach, bladder, blood vessels
Solid organs are more complex
Doubts that grown organs are as durable or
effective as donated ones
Will be expensive
Future
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Practice will become more widespread,
commonplace
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Be able to better assess quality of grown
organs
Develop means of synthesizing more complex
structures
Citation
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Heike Mertsching, Thorsten Walles, Michael Hofmann, Johanna Schanz, Wolfram H. Knapp, Engineering of a
vascularized scaffold for artificial tissue and organ generation, Biomaterials, Volume 26, Issue 33, November 2005,
Pages 6610-6617, ISSN 0142-9612, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.04.048.
<http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142961205003169>
"All About Donation." What Organs Can Be Donated. New York Organ Donor Network, n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2013.
<http://www.donatelifeny.org/about-donation/what-can-be-donated/>.
"Human Cell and Tissue Transplantation." WHO. World Health Organization, n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2013.
<http://www.who.int/transplantation/cell_tissue/en/>.
“Human organ and tissue transplantation.” World Health Organization 26 Mar. 2009.
<http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/A62/A62_15-en.pdf>
Neck, Haddam. "Doctors Grow Organs from Patients' Own Cells." CNN. Cable News Network, n.d. Web. 24 Oct. 2013.
<http://edition.cnn.com/2006/HEALTH/conditions/04/03/engineered.organs/index.html>.
"The Need Is Real: Data." Organdonor.gov. Division of Transplantation, n.d. Web. 24 Oct. 2013.
<http://www.organdonor.gov/about/data.html>.
NOONAN, DR. JESSICA. "Lab-Grown 'Custom' Organs May Be Future of Medicine." ABC News. ABC News Network, n.d.
Web. 27 Oct. 2013. <http://abcnews.go.com/Health/lab-grown-custom-organs-future-medicine/story?id=16631764>.