Transcript reg bio dna tech part II 2013

 Mapped
the DNA sequence for all our
chromosomes
 QUESTIONS
THAT THIS PROJECT WILL SOME DAY
ANSWER!
 How are genomes organized?
 How is gene expression controlled?
 Explain how cellular growth and differentiation
are under genetic control?
 How does evolution occur?
only 2% of genome code for proteins
 Genome is made up of 20,000 genes coding for
proteins
 RNA is used in gene expression
 Human genes are spliced many ways to encode for
different versions of proteins

 Use
the gene discoveries to cure diseases
such as cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy
and colon cancer
 Medical
treatment and therapies
 Bioinformatics
-use of knowledge of biology and computer
science and information technology
-huge data base that stores, analyzes and
integrates genetic info
-compares genes in diff. organisms to find
gene functions, “gene families”
 Study
of an organism’s protein
-structure, function, interactions

-
Use of gel electrophoresis that separates proteins
so we can figure out which cells are diseased
 DNA
samples from many genes are organized onto a
microscope slide using a radioactive wash of mRNA
 This
identifies active cancer genes ( glow)
 Treating
a genetic disorder by introducing a gene into a
cell or by correcting a gene defect in a cell’s genome
 Good
for treating disorder resulting from deficiency of
single enzyme or protein
 Obstacles
for inserting genes safely and directly into
eukaryotic chromosomes
 What
is gene therapy?

Introducing normal genes
into cells to correct certain
disorders

Works best for disorders
that result from the loss of
a single protein or enzyme


Hemophilia
Cystic fibrosis
 How
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


does it work?
Isolate the functional gene
Insert the healthy gene into a viral vector
Introduce the recombinant virus into the patient
The healthy copy of the gene will temporarily produce
the missing protein
 What
are some of the problems with gene
therapy?


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Short-lived genes ~ requires multiple rounds of gene
therapy
Immune response ~ attacks viral particles
Problems with viral particles recovering their ability to
cause disease
Not effective with multi-gene disorders
Very expensive!
1)
DNA cloning: recombinant DNA using plasmids
Been around since 1970’s
Uses:
 Insulin Production
 Human Growth Hormone
 Insect resistance in plants
 Bacteria to clean up
oil spills

A fermentor used to
growrecombinant
bacteria
.
generates an animal that has the same DNA as
another existing animal
-take DNA out of existing egg and replace
with DNA from an adult cell
1952 – First animal cloned = Northern Leopard Frog
Dolly & her
surrogate mother
(Born – 1996,
Died – 2003)
5 genetically
identical cloned
pigs in 2000
Prometea - First cloned horse & her
DONOR & surrogate mother (2005)
 Why
Clone?
Mass produce animals with special qualities that
could help in the production & manufacturing of
important medical drugs

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
Pet replacement
Repopulate endangered
or extinct animals
These goats contain the
human gene for a clotdissolving protein that is
produced in their milk.

Expensive


Inefficient (>90% attempts fail)



$50,000 (cat) - $150,000 (dog)
276/277 failed with sheep
840/841 failed with horse (.12%
success rate!)
Cloned animals usually have
weakened immune systems,
more prone to infections
use of embryos for research
-harvest stem cells to be used in research
to treat disease
EX’s
 Modified goats to produce human blood
clotting protein in milk
 Cloned
organs from pigs like hearts, livers,
and kidneys

Production of human embryos for
research
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
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NOT for cloning a human organism
Stop growth after 6 days
For stem cells that can be used to
study development and treat disease
Controversial – “Clump of cells” vs.
“Human”
More to come on Stem Cells….
Cells in the body that do not have a specific
function until the right chemical signals are
given to them
All 220 types of cells arise from stem cells
Divide without limit to repair other cells
 Totipotent-give
rise to all the different types
of cells (total potential)
 Pluripotent-give
rise to all cells except for
those needed to develop the fetus
 Multipotent-give
of different cells
rise to only a small number
 Early
embryonic (8 cell stage)
 Blastocyst
embryonic (7 day)
 Fetal
 Umbilical
 Adult
 IPS
cord

Totipotent

Pluripotent

Pluripotent

Multipotent

Multipotent

Reverse chemical signals
to get embryonic
 Umbilical
cord-
 Valuable
because very
young and fewer
mutations
 Used
in blood,
immune and bone
disorders
 Adult
Stem Cells
 Found
in infants and
children
 Found in all ready
developed tissue
 Found in minute
quantities
 May not multiply as
well
 May contain DNA
abnormalities
 Limb
amputation
 Spinal cord injuries
 Burns
 Diabetes
 Heart disease
 Neurological disorders
 What
if you cut off part of your thumb?
 How
will personal genetic info be used?
 Make
sure genetic engineering is safe and not
misused
 Growing
 Human
GEC that harm the environment
embryo cloning in future (gene selection)
 Pharmaceutical
products - insulin, growth hormone,
interferon, phenylalanie (sweetners)
 Vaccines- contain viruses or bacteria that cannot
cause disease (physical or chemical alteration), carry
identifying protein (rare occasion can cause disease)
 Increasing Agriculture yields-genes transferred to
produce enzymes that kill hornworms in tomatoes
- make plants resistant to disease
- make strawberries resistant to frost damage
- wheat, cotton, soybeans resistant to herbicides
- isolate, clone, transplant genes from N-fixing
bacteria to grow plants in nitrogen poor soils (no
fertilizer)
 Genetically
Modified Foods (engineered)
-could contain toxic proteins or substances causing
allergies
-
-
FDA requires evidence on this
If food contains a new organic cpd., FDA requires
approval before product introduced
No labels needed if modified product is the same as
nontransgenic crop
Ex. Changed a gene for an enzyme to ripen tomatoes
without becoming soft
 Genetically
-
Modified Crops
could spread into wild and wipe out native species
-
Could spread to other species in neighboring areas
(I.e.-rice and lawn grasses exchange genes in their
pollen with native plants related to them)
-
Could cause “superweeds” that could take over
large areas of land (hurt native plants)