Transcript Major functions of the immune system

WELCOME TO UNIT 2
SEMINAR!
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Characterize the major functions of the
immune system.
 List examples of inappropriate responses of the
immune system.
 Explain the difference between natural and
acquired immunity.

Slide 2
LEARNING OBJECTIVES (CONT’D.)




Describe the guidelines for universal precautions and infection
control.
Explain the destructive mechanisms in autoimmune diseases.
SLE, RA
Describe the symptoms and signs of pernicious anemia. Name
the primary treatment.
Describe the pathology and diagnostic criteria.
Slide 3
ORDERLY FUNCTION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

Functional components of the immune system:
 lymphoid
tissue
 Primary
– thymus, bone marrow
 secondary – tonsils, adenoids, spleen, Peyer patches,
appendix
 lymphocytes
 antibodies
 macrophages
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier
Inc. All rights reserved
Slide 4
T cell and B cell
Formation
B cells are coated with
immunoglobulins :
give them the ability to recognize that
foreign proteins and stimulate an
antigen-antibody reaction.
The immunoglobulins are usually all
present during an immune response,
but in varying amounts depending on
the specific antigen involved and the
overall health of the person.
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All
rights
Slide 5reserved.
TRUE OR FALSE

Both T and B cells have common fetal
origins but then their development
continues in different tissues, thymus
vs. bone marrow.

___________
ORDERLY FUNCTION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
(CONT’D.)

Major functions of the immune system:
 Protect
the body against foreign organisms
 Maintain homeostasis by eliminating damaged cells
(phagocytosis)
 Recognize and guard against abnormal cells
(inflammatory response)
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All
rights reserved.
Slide 7
ORDERLY FUNCTION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
(CONT’D.)

Inappropriate responses of the immune
system:
 Hyperactive
(allergic) – excessive response
 Immunodeficient (e.g., AIDS) – inadequate
response
 Autoimmune (e.g., SLE) – misdirected response
 Transplant rejection – attack to beneficial foreign
tissues
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All
rights reserved.
Slide 8
nc. All
ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
Slide 9
IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISEASES

B cell deficiency : Increased susceptibility to
bacterial infections

T cell deficiency:Increased susceptibility to
viral, fungal, and protozoan infections,

TRUE OR FALSE:

HIV attacks helper T lymphocytes

____________
Slide 10
AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES

Lymphocytes and antibodies: sensitized to
develop against the body’s own organs or
tissues.

Triggers: disease, injury, metabolic changes, or
mutation in immunologically competent cells.

May also be caused by certain drugs or
chemicals, trauma, or viral infection.
Slide 11
AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES
1. hematopoietic disorders (e.g.neutropenia)
 2. Renal disorders ( Goodpasture’s syndrome)
 3. Connective tissue diseases

 SLE
 Scleroderma
 Sjogren
syndrome
 Rheumatoid arthritis
 Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
 Ankylosing spondylitis
 Polymyositis
AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES (CONT’D.)
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
 Inflammation
of skin, joints, nervous system,
kidneys, lungs, and other organs.
 Butterfly rash across face may be present.
 Other rashes may appear on other exposed skin
areas.
Slide 13
AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES (CONT’D.)
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)








Butterfly face rash
Alopecia
Photosensitivity
Raynaud’s
phenomenon
Thrombocytopenia
Discoid skin lesion
Nasopharyngeal
ulceration
Polyarthritis






Pleuritis or pericarditis
Protein or casts in the
urine
Hemolytic anemia
False-positive serology
Abnormal blood
antibodies
LE cells (leukocytes)
present in lab testing
Slide 14
AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES (CONT’D.)

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)





Chronic, inflammation and edema of the synovial
membranes surrounding joints.
Destruction of cartilage and adjacent bone.
May produce weight loss, fever, and malaise.
Joint pain and stiffness, especially in morning.
Bilateral joint tenderness, edema, erythema, warmth.
Slide 15
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA)
CAUSE OF RA
The exact cause is unknown
Possibly viruses,
bacteria, fungi
Maybe even cigarette smoking
SYMPTOMS & TREATMENT
TYPES OF NSAIDS
• Aspirin
• Ibuprofen
• Naproxen
SIDE EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH NSAIDS
AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES (CONT’D.)
Ankylosing spondylitis
 Inflammation
and ossification of the joints leading
to decreased range of motion and spinal bone
fusion.
 Sacroiliac spine area is usually affected first and
results in recurring low back pain and morning
stiffness.
 History may include inflammatory bowel disease,
heel pain, and family incidence of arthritic
conditions
Slide 21
AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES (CONT’D.)

Multiple sclerosis (MS)
 Inflammatory
disease of the central nervous
system.
 Demyelination of nerves occurs in the brain and
spinal cord.
 Signs and symptoms are primarily neurologic and
related to areas of myelin destruction.
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All
rights reserved.
Slide 22
AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES (CONT’D.)
Myasthenia gravis (MG)
 Chronic
progressive neuromuscular disorder.
 Autoantibodies produced to acetylcholine receptor
in muscle cells.
 Ineffective nerve-muscle junction results in severe
weakness, difficulty talking and swallowing,
drooping eyelids and diplopia.
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All
rights reserved.
Slide 23
AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES (CONT’D.)

Vasculitis
 Inflammation
in the walls of blood vessels that may
lead to necrosis, thrombus formation, and local
infarct
 Can be classified as small vessel or systemic;
affecting medium and large arteries
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All
Slide 24
INFECTION CONTROL
UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS
IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISEASES
(CONT’D.)
Universal Precautions
 Thorough and frequent hand washing.
 Personal protective equipment worn as required by
specific task (e.g. gloves, gown, goggles, mask).
 Proper disposal of all sharps in designated
biohazard containers.
 No needle recap prior to disposal.
 Caution in handling of laboratory specimens.
 Proper containment and disinfection of blood and
body fluid spills.
 Use clean mouthpieces and resuscitation bags.
Slide 27
PRECAUTIONS
WHAT DISEASE/CONDITION AM I?