Transcript PowerPoint Presentation - New Life College of Nursing

Presenter :
Samina Sattar Palijo
Post R/N BScN 1st Semester 2015
Topic related to:
Life Science
Faculty:
Ramesh Kumar
New life college of nursing
Date : 14-01-2016
My Topic is:
INNATE (NON-SPECIFIC) IMMUNITY
ADAPTIVE (SPECIFIC) IMMUNITY
Define immunity.
 Classification of immunity.
 Explain mechanism of innate or non-specific
Immunity.
 Briefing about specific or adaptive immunity.
 Non specific innate or innate defenses.
 First line of defense skin and mucous
membranes.
 Second line of defense internal defense.

Immunity
The ability to resist infection and disease.
Humans have two major types of defense
mechanisms:
Innate (Non-specific) immunity
 Adaptive (Specific) immunity
Immunity
Immunity
– The ability to resist infection and disease
Humans have two major types of defense
mechanisms:
 Innate (Non-specific) immunity
 Adaptive (Specific) immunity
Nonspecific immunity (innate immunity)
are the defenses that protect the
body against any pathogen.
Are not normally set up against any particular
pathogen.
Specific or Adaptive immunity:
Immunity, resistance to a specific pathogen
Innate (Non-specific) immunity
 are present at birth
 defense responses that do not
distinguish between one threat and another
 include: physical barriers (e.g. skin),
phagocyte cells (nutrophils, monocytes,
macrophages),

Mechanisms of non specific resistance
include mechanical factors ,

Antimicrobial protein ,

Natural killer cells ,

Phagocytes , Inflammation , and Fever.

The skin and mucous membrane are the first
lien of defense against entry of pathogens.

Natural killer cells and phagocyte attack and
kill pathogens and defective cells in the body.
Inflammation aids disposal of microbes ,
toxins , or foreign material at the site of an
injury , and prepares the site for tissue
repair.
Fever intensifies the antiviral effects or
interferon's , inhibits growth of some
microbes , and speeds up body reactions
that aids repair.
Adaptive (Specific) immunity
protection against specifically identified
threats (i.e. may defend against one
particular bacterial infection)
most develop after birth upon exposure to an
antigen (Ag);
Usually produce a state of long-term
protection known as “specific resistance” or
“acquired immunity”
depends on co-ordinated activity of T & B
lymphocyte

B cells- defense against pathogens in body fluids
(blood/lymph)
Although several mechanisms contribute to innate
defenses or non-specific resistance to disease ,
they all have two things common.
They are present at birth , and they offer immediate
protection against a wide variety of pathogens , and
foreign substances.
First line of defense:
skin and mucous membrane.
The skin and mucous membranes of the body are first
line of defense against pathogens.
Both physical and chemical barriers discourage
pathogens and foreign substances from entering the
body and causing disease.
1-Epidermis of skin
Forms a physical barrier to the entrance of the
microbes.
2-Saliva
Saliva produce by the slivery glands , Washes
microbes from surface of teeth and mucous
membranes of mouth.
3-Urine
The cleansing of the urethra by flow of urine,
Washes microbes from urethra.
4-Defecation and vomiting
Expel microbes from body.
5-Lysozyme
an enzyme capable of breaking down the cell
walls of certain bacteria.
It is present in tears , saliva ,nasal secretions,
and tissue fluids.
6-Gastric Juice
Destroys bacteria and most toxins in stomach
7-vaginal secretions
Slight acidity discourages bacterial growth; flush
microbes out of vagina.
8-Mucous membranes:
Inhibit the entrance of many microbes , but
not as effective as intact skin.
9-Mucous
Traps Microbes in respiratory and
Gastrointestinal tracts.
10-Hairs
Filter out Microbes and dust in nose..
11-Cilia:
Together with Mucous trap and remove
Microbes and dust from upper Respiratory
tract..
12-Lacrimal Apparatus
Tears dilute and wash away irritating
substance and Microbes..
Second lien of defense: Internal
Defenses.
1- Antimicrobial Proteins
Blood and interstitial fluids contains three
main types of antimicrobial proteins that
discourage microbial growth.
2-Interference:
Protect un infected host cells from viral
infection. Lymphocytes macrophages and
fibroblasts infected with viruses proteins
called interference.
Once released by virus-infected cells,
interference diffuse to un infected
neighboring cells. Viruses can causes
disease only if they can replicate within
body cells. Interference are an important
defense against infection by many different
viruses.
3-COMPLEMENT SYSTEM:
Causes cytolysis of microbes , promote
phagocytosis , and contribute to
inflammation.
A group of normally inactive protein blood
plasma and on plasma membranes makes
up the complement system when activated
these proteins complement are enhance
certain immune, allergic, and inflammatory
reactions.
3-Natural killer cells.
Kill a wild variety of microbes and certain
tumor cells. When microbes enters the skin
and mucous membrane or bypass the
antimicrobial proteins in blood, the next non
specific defense consists of natural killer
cells.
About 5% to 10% of Lymphocytes in the blood
are Natural Killer Cells.
4-Phagocytes:
Ingest foreign particulate matter.
Phagocytes are specialized cells Phagocytosis
means ingestion of microbes or other particle
such as cellular debris.
The two major types of Phagocytes are
Neutrophils and macrophages.
5- Inflammation:
Confines and destroys microbes and initiate
tissue repair.
Inflammation is a non specific, defensive
response of the body to tissue damage.
Among the conditions that may produce the
inflammation are phatogens abrasions,
chemical irritation , disturbance of cells, and
extreme temperatures.
6-Fever
Intensifies the effects of interference, inhibits
growth of some microbes, and speeds up
body reaction that aid cells.
Many bacterial toxins elevate body
temperature.
Reference

Principles of anatomy and physiology 10TH
Edition by Tortora Grabowski