Immunology Review
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Transcript Immunology Review
Principles of Immunology
Prince Agri-Products & Phibro Animal Health
Training Seminar – Atlanta, Georgia
July 17-18, 2006
Immunity: security against a particular disease; nonsusceptibility to
the invasive or pathogenic effects of foreign microorganisms or the
toxic effect of antigenic substances.
Innate Immune System:
consists of physical, chemical,
enzymatic barriers and activity
of phagocytic cells
(neutrophils) which are
associated w/ a signaling
system
Adaptive (antibodymediated) Immune System:
consists of two components
Humoral (antibody production
in response to antigen,
medicated by B-lymphocytes)
Cell-mediated (production of
specific killer cells in response
to an antigen, mediated by Tlymphocytes)
Innate Immune Response Neutrophils, first line of defense
Phagocytes: first to arrive
at the site of infection
Function to contain
infections, provide time
for adaptive system to
develop
200 billion in adult cow,
50% in circulation,
remainder in bone or
attached to vessel walls
Life span of 1-2 days
Contain a protein
component: L-Selectin,
index of innate immunity
Neutrophil recognition of pathogen
Receptors on surface
of neutrophil
Neutrophil
Pathogen
Pathogen-associated molecular
Patterns: PAMPs)
Phagocytosis
Bacterium
Recognition
Production of NETS by neutrophils
Inactive neutrophils
Activated neutrophils with NETs
+ interleukin-8 (IL-8)
Source: Brinkmann et al., 2004
Association of neutrophil “NETs” with bacteria
S. aureus (gram +) Salmonella (gram -)
Shigella (gram -)
Neutrophils: a first line of defense
- tethering via L-selectin (A)
-shedding L-selectin (B)
- Interleukin-1- proinflammatory (C)
-migration toward “signals”
(D)
-phagocytosis (F)
Source: Burton and Erskine, 2003
-pathogens
Example of relationship between stress and
immunity
Cortisol - Adrenal hormone
•
released in response to a
stressful event
•
needed by uterus at time
of calving
•
aids in intiating milk
secretion by the
mammary gland
•
elevated blood Cortisol
cause neutrophils to lose
their ability to migrate
from blood into tissue by
interfering with Lselectin synthesis
Source: Burton and Erskine, 2003
Cortisol Response Relative to Parturition
Cortisol (ug/dL)
TRANSITION COW TRIAL - CORTISOL
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Hospital Cows
All Cows
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 7 14
Puntenney & French 2003
Effect of stress on neutrophils
Normal
L-selectin and interleukin
Stress
Proliferation and invasion
of pathogens
Take home on neutrophils
First line of defense against
bacteria and molds
L-selectin (tethering/rolling/
“surveillance”) (A/B)
IL-8 (signal from infection
site) (D)
IL-1β (access infection site/
“diapedesis”) (C)
Free-flowing blood neutrophil
(E)
Killing mechanisms (digestion
and NETs) (F)
Pluripotent hematopoeitic stem cell
(Self-renewing, white blood cell producing)
Common lymphoid
Progenitor
(lymph tissue)
B cells
T cells
NK cells
Common myeloid
Progenitor
(bone marrow)
White blood
cells
Red blood
cells
Megakaryocytes
Platelets
Monocyte Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil Dendritic cell
-Adaptive
Macrophage
Janeway et al., 2005
-Innate
Phases of an infection
Innate
Acquired
1. Entry of pathogen
2. encounter a macrophage/dendritic cell
3. macrophage recruits neutrophils via IL-8
4. macrophage (phagocytic cell) and
dendritic cells (antigen-presenting cells)
migrate to lymph tissue where they
encounter naïve B and T lymphocyte
5. B and T lymphocytes clonally expand
and differentiate and make antibodies
Linkage of innate and adaptive
immunity
1. Activated macrophages and
dendritic cells with ingested
pathogen present antigen to Tlymphocytes
2. Chemokines, secreted by
macrophages, enhance tissue
permeability and influx of Tlymphocytes into an infection
site (IL-1B)
3. Macrophages and
neutrophils produce
activating molecules (e.g., IL1β and IL-6)
Janeway et al., 2005
Activated neutrophil
IL-1β
+
B and T
lymphocytes
4. Activated T-cells, in turn,
activate macrophages
Review
Terms
Pathogen: disease-causing infectious agent
Antigen: any molecule that stimulates the immune
response (pathogen proteins or carbohydrates)
Phagocytes: cells attracted to site of infection to destroy
pathogens (not antigen-specific, part of innate system)
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Monocytes/macrophages
Natural Killer Cells (virus-infected and cancer cells)
Review
Terms
Leukocytes: white blood cells
Adaptive Immunity: response to repeat infection
Synthesis of antibody to bind antigen and promote
elimination
T cell killing of virus-infected cells
T cell activation of macrophages to destroy
phagocytosed pathogens that are resistant to
destruction
Review
Terms
Innate Immunity: defense system that can recognize
“generic danger” and responds by walling off and
engulfing foreign organisms
Barriers - skin, mucous membranes
Mechanical – cilia, blinking, sneezing, coughing, vomiting
Chemical – HCl in stomach, digestive enzymes in tears,
mucus
Phagocytes – Neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages, M
cells, monocytes
Natural Killer Cells – kill virus/cancer cells
Review
Terms
Apoptosis: programmed cell death
Macrophages: innate immune cell, binds pathogens,
produce cytokines to attract other phagocytic cells and
make blood vessels leaky, may present antigen to
stimulate T cell activation (adaptive)
Dendritic cells: innate immune cell, may be
phagocytic and may present antigen to simulate T cell
activation (adaptive immune system)
Lymphocytes: antigen-specific white blood cells
responsible for adaptive immunity
Review
Terms
Natural Killer (NK) Cells: large lymphocytes that
lack specific antigen receptors but respond to altered
tissue typing in virus-infected and cancer cells
Cytokines: small proteins produced by macrophages
in response to bacterial antigens; signal other white
blood cells; act by binding to specific membrane
receptors to signal the cell to alter its behavior (gene
expression)
Lymphokine (lymphocytes), monokine (monocytes),
chemokine (chemotactic activity), interleukin (made by one
leukocyte and acting on others)
Review
Terms
Antibody: antigen receptor on B cells and is also secreted to
bind and remove antigen from the body
Immunoglobulins: antibodies that are antigen-binding proteins
(IgG, IgM, IgD, IgA, IgE)
Interleukin-1: cytokines produced by macrophages which
activate nearby vascular endothelium to promote leukocyte
movement into the tissue (extravasation)
Interlukin – 8: chemokines which recruit leukocytes and
attract them to site of infection
L-selectin: neutrophil-adhesion molecule that initiates binding
between leukocytes and endothelium