The Lymphatic System
Download
Report
Transcript The Lymphatic System
The Lymphatic
System
Non-Specific Defenses
Physical Barriers
Phagocytes
Slow spread of viral infections
Stimulate macrophages and NK cells
Inflammation
1st line of cellular defense – removes debris and pathogens
Microphages leave blood stream and enter peripheral tissues (neutrophils and eosinophils)
Macrophages – sensitive to chems in surrounding fluids can be free or fixed
Interferons
Epithelium, hair, secretions, acid, enzymes
Initiated by mast cells releasing histamines and heparin
Local swelling, heat, redness, and pain
Slows spread of pathogens
Necrosis – tissue destruction via lysosomes
Pus – accumulation of dead cells and debris (abscess – accumulation of pus)
Fever (>98oF)
Pyrogens – proteins reset body's “thermostat”
Incr. rate of metabolism
Over 104oF damages CNS, nausea, hallucination, and convulsions
Organization
Lymph Vessels
Lymph Fluid
Cells defend body
80% last 4 years…some last 20 years or
more!
Lymph Tissue
Blood plasma but w/less proteins
Lymphocytes
Begin at peripheral tissue venous system
Small valves prevent backflow
Loose connective tissue
Tonsils, Appendix, Peyer’s Patches
Size can increase or decrease depending
on number of lymphocytes
Lymph Organs
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Thymus
Lymph Vessels
Lead towards trunk of body
and empty into 2 ducts
Thoracic duct – lower
abdomen, pelvis, lower
limbs, left head, neck, and
chest
Right lymphatic duct – right
side of body, above
diaphragm
Lymphodema (edema) –
blockage of lymph drain
Functions
Protect body from
pathogens
Production, maintenance,
and distribution of
lymphocytes
Return fluid from
peripheral tissues to blood
Distribute hormones,
nutrients, and waste to
general circulation
Lymphoid Organs
Lymph Nodes
Thymus
Filter and purify lymph before enters
venous system
Detects and removes antigens
Stimulates T cells and B cells initiating
immune response
Lymphomas – cancer arising from
lymphocytes
Decrease in size after puberty
T cell production and maturation
Spleen
5” long on left side, deep red
Filters blood, removes abnormal blood
cells and initiates B cell and T cell
responses to antigens
Macrophages identify and engulf damaged
or infected cells
Lymphocytes
25% of circulating wbc
T cells – thymus dependent (80% circulating lymphocytes)
Cytotoxic T cells – attack foreign cells or body cells infected
w/ virus
Helper T cells – stimulate T cells and B cells
Suppressor T cells – inhibit T cells and B cells
B cells -bone marrow derived (10-15% circ. Lymphocytes)
Plasma cells – secrete antibodies (immunoglobulins)
Antibodies bind to antigens
NK cells natural killer cells (5-10% circulating lymphocytes)
Attack foreign cells, viral infected cells, and cancer cells
Specific Defenses
Immunity – respond to the presence of specific antigens
Antigens – “non-self” substance that excites the immune
system and stimulates a response
Genes determine specificity
T cells – cell mediated immunity
Defend against abnormal cells
Pathogens inside of cells
B cells – antibody-mediated immunity
Defend against antigens and pathogens in body fluids
Antibodies (immunoglobulins) – bind to specific antigen, Y
shape with 2 antigen binding sites
Immune Response
(antibody mediated)
B cell binds w/antigen…becomes
activated and produces clones
B cell clones
Plasma cells – secrete antibodies (2,000
per sec!)… reaches peak 10 days
Memory B cells – continue to circulate,
and can speed process to 2-3 days if
recognizes an “old enemy”
Immune Response (cell
mediated)
T cells cannot bind to “free” antigen
Macrophages and B cells must present antigen to T cells
Once T cell binds to “presented” antigen
Killer (cytotoxic) T cells
• Binds to target cell and inserts a toxic chem… target cell ruptures
Helper T cells
• Recruit other cells to fight invaders
• Stimulates B cells to increase production of antibodies
• Simulates Killer T cells to multiply
Suppressor T cells
• Release chems to suppress B and T cell activity
• Most T cells enlisted to fight die w/in a few days
• Some remain as memory cells to respond quickly to subsequent
invasions
Properties of Immunity
Specificity
Versatility
Millions different lymphocytes w/diff antigen
receptors
Memory
T cells and B cells target one specific antigen
1st exposure – lymphocytes divide to create
“attack” cells and memory cells
Response to 2o exposure to antigen is stronger
than 1st
Tolerance
Doesn’t respond to normal “self” tissues or
antigens
Types of Immunity
Innate – genetically determined
Acquired – arises during life
Active – appears after exposure to antigen
• Naturally- continually induced as encounter “new” pathogens
or antigens
• Induced – stimulated under controlled conditions
• Vaccine: dead/inactive pathogen that induces an immune
response
Passive – transfer of antibodies from another source
• Naturally – mother to baby
• Gestation – via placenta
• Infancy – via breast milk
• Induced – antibodies administered to fight infection or prevent
disease after exposure
Lymphatic Project
Cartoon/comic strip analogous to lymphatic
system that highlights functions of B cells, plasma
cells, antibodies, and memory B cells, Helper
Tcells, Killer T cells, and suppressor T cells
Research and write an essay on allergies, organ
transplant and rejection, multiple sclerosis,
systemic lupus, OR HIV/AIDS