Transcript inflammation

Inflammation, Infection, and the
Stress Response
INFLAMMATION
 Process by which the body utilizes WBCs and chemicals
to provide immediate protection from infection and
foreign substances
 Nonspecific immune response
 Can rid body of harmful organisms
 Tissue damage may result from chronic inflammation
INFLAMMATION
 WHAT DISEASES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH
INFLAMMATION?
 WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF INFLAMMATION?
 WHAT CAUSES THE SYMPTOMS OF
INFLAMMATION?
 WHAT MEDICATIONS ARE USED TO TREAT
INFLAMMATION?
TYPES OF CELLS INVOLVED IN INFLAMMATION
• NEUTROPHILS
• SEGS, BANDS AND LEFT SHIFT
• MACROPHAGES
• EOSINOPHILS
• BASOPHILS
PROGRESSIOM FROM BAND TO SEG
PHAGOCYTOSIS
• Key process of inflammation
• Cellular process of engulfing solid particles such
as bacteria and cell debris and removing them
• Rids the body of debris after tissue injury
• Neutrophils and macrophages
PHAGOCYTOSIS—SEVEN STEPS
• EXPOSURE AND INVASION
• ATTRACTION
• ADHERENCE
• RECOGNITION
• CELLULAR INGESTION
• PHAGOSOME FORMATION
• DEGRADATION
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE SEQUENCE
• Stage I- Vascular (change in blood vessel)
• Phase I rapid blood vessel constriction
• Phase II hyperemia, edema
• Stage II- Cellular Exudate increase in circulating
neutrophils, formation of pus
• Stage III- Tissue Repair and Replacement
Clicker Question
• Which of the following is not a local manifestation
of inflammation
• A.) Swelling
• B.) Pain
• C.) Redness
• D.) Leukocytosis
Clicker Question
• The inflammatory response:
• A.) Prevents blood from entering injured tissue
• B.) Elevates body temperature to prevent spread
of infection
• C.) Prevents formation of abscesses
• D.) Minimizes injury and promotes healing
Stress & Coping
Scientific Knowledge Base
• Fight or flight response to a stressor
• Stimulation of sympathetic nervous system
• Medulla Oblongata
• Reticular Formation
• Pituitary Gland
General Adaptation Syndrome
• Alarm Reaction
• Resistance Stage
• Exhaustion Stage
Response to Stress
• Physiological Responses- LAS, GAS
• Local Adaptation Syndrome-1.) Reflex Pain
Response 2.)Inflammatory Response
• General Adaptation Response- 1.)Alarm Reaction
(Flight or Fight) 2.) Resistance Stage 3.)
Exhaustion Phase
GAS Activation
• Alarm Stage- Stressor triggers the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, activates SNS
• Resistance Stage- actions of adrenal hormones
• Exhaustion Stage- occurs if stress continues and
adaptation is not successful
Stress Response
• Nervous system
• Endocrine system
• Immune system
Clicker Question
• What characterizes the alarm stage?
• A.) Increased lymphocytes
• B.) Increased SNS activation
• C.) Increased PNS activation
• D.) Increased eosinophils
Types of Stress
• Eustress
• Distress
• Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PSTD)
Understanding Stress Response
• Psychological response- Coping Mechanism,
Ego-Defense Mechanism
• Situational Factors
• Developmental/Maturational Factors
• Intellectual Factors
• Emotional, Behavioral Issues
• Family Factors
• Lifestyle Factors
• Sociocultural, Spiritual Factors
Assessing Stress
• Physiological Indicators
• Stress Situations
• Psychological Indicators
• Developmental Indicators
• Emotional Behavioral Indicators
• Intellectual Indicators
• Family Indicators
Implementation
• Stress Management
• Time Management
• Medications
• Alternative Therapies
• Regular Exercise
• Good Nutrition and Diet
• Rest
• Support Systems
Restorative Care
• Humor
• Enhancing Self-esteem
• Relaxation Techniques
• Spirituality
• Stress Management