vasculature-lecture-4
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Transcript vasculature-lecture-4
Vascular Biology – 4
blood and its components
•
Disclaimer: this is a very broad topic and we won’t be able to get into it in
depth.
1. Erythrocytes
~8 um diameter, 2 um thickness
no nucleus
Hemoglobin in the cytosol: 15g/dL of blood in
men, 13.5 g/dL of blood in women. Composition of
Hemoglobin changes from fetus to infant.
Iron at the center of hemoglobin – iron is
recycled from old erythrocytes very efficiently, but
not 100%,
eat your spinach (or steak).
2. Leukocytes:
Their job is to clean up debris, aid in detection and
destruction of foreign antigens. Main role in the immune
response.
Have clearly defined nuclei.
“Granulocytes” have granules in the cytoplasm
Phagocytosis , formation of pseudopodia that engulf the
target and bring it into the cytosol, where it gets digested.
Chemotaxis= cell movement in the direction of a
concentration gradient.
•Differences among types of leukocytes has to do with their
specificity for antigens and the particular biochemical reactions
involved in their function.
a.
Neutrophils (granulocyte):
can digest bacteria through use of hydrogen
peroxide , free OH radicals, and oxidation.
Can live 4-5 days in extravascular space
a.
Eosinophils (granulocyte):
similar to neutrophils. Involved in asthma, allergies.
Can survive for weeks in the extravascular space
a.
Basophils (granulocyte)
immunoglobulin E (igE) receptors on their surface. When
stimulated, they trigger a histamine response, local edema or
even anaphylaxis
d. Monocytes
Larger than other leukocytes (15 - 20 um).
They migrate to specific tissues (liver, spleen , lungs, lymph nodes)
and stay there for prolonged periods of time (months, years).
When activated, they secrete interleukin-1,2,4,5 (molecules that signal
the production of lymphocytes, as well as inducing fever)
Lymphocytes:
i.
B cells: when activated, they become plasma cells, which produce
specific antibodies.
ii. T cells: “natural killer cells”. They attach to foreign cells that have
specific proteins (antigens) in their membranes and produce lysis. This is a
problem for transplants, immuno compatibility of tissues.
3.Plasma:
This is the solvent/carrier. Just water with different materials
dissolved in it:
Electrolytes, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, amino acids,
gasses (O2 , CO2, N2), hormones, vitamins, antibodies
Organs that maintain their concentrations: liver, kidneys, lungs,
endocrine glands.
Note these:
Glucose: needed for ATP production.
Albumin: maintains osmotic pressure. Edema without it.
complement: a set of proteins that promotes
-chemotaxis of leukocytes to area of infection/injury
-opsonization.
-release of anaphylotoxins (increase vascular permeability)
-Disruption of some foreign cell membranes.
Antibodies ( = immunoglobulins): their job is to bind to antigens (bad guys)
anaphylaxis.
Antigen + antibody immune complex (non-covalent
bonds)
“agglutination” : a bunch of antibodies stick to something
that has antigents on its surface. They all stick to each other
as well.
“opsonization” : the antibodies enhance phagocytosis by
leukocytes. Kind of a “targeting system”
Antibody formation steps:
1-antigen taken up by monocytes
2- at the spleen, and lymph nodes: B-lymphocytes step
production of the right antibody
3 – in the presence of interleukin-4,5 (released by T
helper lymphocytes), the right kind of B-lymphocytes
proliferate and go out into the lymph blood stream.
4 – B-lymphocytes secrete lots more antibodies
Small (2-4 um) they bud from “megakaryocytes” (large multinuclear cells in the bone marrow).
Many are sequestered in spleen for future usage.
Exterior coat = ”glycocalyx”. Glycoproteins, proteins, receptors
• Unit membrane. Contains enzymes for production of outer layer
molecules, actin, myosin…etc. for structure.
Some Clotting triggers:
Von Willbrand Factor (vascular)
Hageman Factor (reacts with negatively charged surfaces)
Thrombin (formation of fibrin)
Inhibitors: heparin, aspirin
Example of Platelets in action: consider endothelial cell
disruption (there are other clotting triggers too -):
1. platelets stick to collagen in the presence of spilled “Von
Willbrand factor”. (complex biochemistry)
2. Platelets grow spiky pseudopods (=spicules) out. Povides
structure, and traps serum to help form a plug.
3. Discharge of granules contents: triggers release of thrombin
from endothelium
Thrombin attracts and promotes the binding of more platelets.
Note this is a very complex chain of events that we won’t
cover.
fibronectin and thrombonectin serveas glue. [change in your
notes]
Hematopoiesis:
Generation of blood cells happens in the bone marrow. (fetus and
infant produce cells in the spleen and liver too, but eventually that shifts
completely to the marrow).
Stem cells:
Totipotent: completely undifferentiated, could turn into anything.
Pluripotent: could still become several different cells
committed cells
environmental conditions determines the differentiation of the stem
cells: hormones (erythropoietin) , presence of antibodies, …
Note:
Lymphocytes can also reproduce themselves (not just
differentiation!) at the spleen and lymph nodes.
Platelets are formed by megakaryocytic cells breaking up into
smaller cells.