Transcript Kasia, Marti, Jeremy and Ryan

The Immune
System
By: Kasia Kolodziejczak Quest. 1
Marti Simmons Quest. 2
Jeremy Varga Quest. 3
Ryan Bresnaham Quest. 4
Question 1: The parts of the
Immune System
By: Kasia Kolodziejczak
Antigens
• Antigens, are the special
proteins (not only
proteins) that cover
every single cell in our
body. When the special
immune cells of the
immune system travel in
our body, they check if
all antigens are “ours”.
Some antigens are
foreign to our body,
which makes the special
cells of the immune
system proceed to an
immune response.
Macrophages
• Macrophages are believed
to be responsible for the
initial attack against an
invasion launched by, for
example, bacteria. By the
call of the helper T-cells,
the macrophages move
into the infected area and
start attacking the
bacteria. When in the
infected area, they can be
stimulated to release
chemicals toxic to the
pathogens.
Helper T-Cells
• The Helper T-cells’ role
in the system is to
activate many immune
cells including B-cells, to
do their job of creating
antibodies and so on.
Whenever they contact a
foreign antigen they send
a signal for “help” and
order the special cells to
go to work.
Memory T-Cells
• Memory T-cells, that
once were B and T cells,
are the cells that
remember each foreign
antigen that ever entered
the body. This is why you
usually never end up
getting the chicken pox a
second time, because
your Memory T-cells
remember how to fight
the pathogen off.
Suppressor T-Cells
• Suppressor T-cells
have pretty much a
very simple job yet
important. They go
through the body and
slow down or stop the
activities of B-cells
and T-cells when the
invader is eliminated.
Killer T-Cells
• The role of the Killer
T-cells is to destroy
the cells that have
been invaded by the
foreign organisms.
They let out a special
enzyme that eat the
infected cell. Killer Tcells can also destroy
cancer cells.
B-Cells
• Their major role is to produce
antibodies to fight off the
foreign bacteria, viruses, and
tumor cells. When the Helper
T-cells come to the B-cells,
they tell the B-cells to produce
a certain kind of antibody
(since each antibody adheres
to a special antigen). To do
this, the B-cells produce large
plasma cells. The plasma cells
each have one specific
antibody to produce. They are
the factory of antibodies.
Antibodies
• Antibodies are special
proteins that are Yshaped. The tips of the
branches are sensitive to
specific antigens. When
they encounter that
specific antigen, they
cling to it. When the
antibody clings to the
pathogen, it enables it
from moving around
through the cell walls.
Thymus
• The thymus is located
between your two collar
bones. It is responsible for
producing mature T-cells. The
“immature” T-cells leave the
bone marrow where they
were formed and enter the
thymus to go through their
thymic education. Some Tcells may be detrimental to
the immune system so they
are eliminated. The rest of the
mature T-cells are released
into the blood stream.
Bone Marrow
• The bone marrow
produces B-cells, natural
killer cells, granulocytes
and immature T-cells.
When formed in the bone
marrow, the cells
differentiate into either
mature cells of the immune
system, or continue their
maturation in another part
of the immune cells.
Spleen
• The spleen acts as a filter of
the immune system. It is made
up of B-cells, T-cells,
macrophages, natural killer
cells, dendritic cells, and red
blood cells. The spleen
captures antigens or foreign
materials from the blood. It
also can do another job.
Macrophages bring antigens
and present it to the
appropriate B or T cells. Then
the B-cells become activated
and produce large amounts of
antibodies. The spleen is
referred to as a conference
center.
Lymph Nodes
• The lymph nodes are not just
in one place of your body. The
lymph nodes are composed of
B-cells, T-cells, dendritic cells
and macrophages. The lymph
nodes filter a bodily fluid
named lymph. When the
lymph goes through the
lymph nodes, antigens are
filtered before entering the
bloodstream again. The
lymph nodes are also a place
for an immune response. That
is why your mom checks the
sides of your neck to see if the
lymph nodes are swollen. If
they are, then there is a fight
going on on your lymph
nodes.
Question 2
By Marti Simmons
How the different parts of the
immune system work together
The first line of
defense is the Skin and
Mucous. They block
entry into the body.
The reason mucous is
part of the first line of
defense is that there
are openings in the
skin, such as the nose
and mouth.
Patrolling Scavenger cells
The next stage of the immune system
is the patrolling scavenger cells
(macrophages), that seek out foreign
bodies. There are also other enzymes
and chemicals.
Thymus
The Thymus is located between the
breast bone and heart. It produces
mature T cells. It also helps with the
maturing of T cell.
The Spleen
Filters blood
looking for cells
that do not
belong in the
body.
Lymph System
Found throughout the
body. It produces a
clear liquid that covers
cells with water and
nutrients. It helps find
and remove bacteria.
When you are sick you
can feel your swollen
lymph nodes, this
shows that your lymph
system is at work.
Bone marrow
Bone Marrow
produces new blood
cells. It produces
both red and white.
They make them
from stem cells.
Antibodies
Antibodies are
produced by white
blood cells. When they
connect to the outer
layer of a virus, it
stops it’s movement
through the cell walls.
Helping to stop it so it
can be dealt with.
Complement System
This system is a series of
proteins. They float freely
throughout the blood system.
Viruses
My report is on three viruses and
three bacteria's.
• Travels through
lymphocytes,
monocyk. It is an
ultimate devastation of
the immune system. It
kills off the helper t
cells and then they
cannot call the killer t
cells.
• Commonly called the flu, caused by the
viruses that infect the respiratory tract. Also
causes strep throat. The infection of the flu
can cause serious illness.
• R.S.V (respiratory
syneythial virus) is the
major cause of illness
in younger children
Occurs in children 3
years of age or
younger. It can be
transmitted by a cold,
it causes respiratory
tract problems which
can be fatal.
• Anthrax is a biological
weapon which is an
infectious substance
that is so finely
chopped that it can
become airborne
instantly. Fatal disease
of warm blooded
animals caused by the
bacterium.
• Most strands are
harmless and living in
the intestines of
healthy animals and
humans. 0157:h7 is a
strand of the bacteria
that is harmful and
produces a toxin that
can cause serious
illness.
• this bacteria is the
result of an infection
that effects the
muscles and nerves. It
is usually due to a
contaminated wound.
It begins with muscle
spasms like lockjaw
making it difficult to
swallow.
Sources
• The sources I used to complete this project
is the internet askjeeves.com, a dictionary,
Mrs. Syczhs home page, and Mr. Hand’s
homepage.
How vaccines work
• How do vaccines work? A
weakened form of the
germ is injected into the
body. The body makes
antibodies to fight these
invaders. If the actual
disease ever attacks the
body the antibodies will
still be there to destroy
them.
What are Vaccines
• A vaccine is a weakened
form of a disease. It is
either a killed form of a
disease or it is a similar,
but less virulent strain.
Vaccines may be produced
by viruses or bacteria,
although they are most
effective on viral diseases.
How are vaccines made?
Who makes them?
• Scientists and doctors
make vaccines. Scientists
and doctors who make
them, grow the virus then
they weaken it or kill it
and that is the vaccine. A
vaccine is made from an
antigen isolated or
produced from the
disease- causing
microorganism
The first vaccine
• The first vaccine was
introduced by the British
physician Edward Jenner
in 1796 when he noted the
virus of cowpox could
produce lasting protection
against smallpox.