Lab Dx Day 1 Intro to Hematopoietic System
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Transcript Lab Dx Day 1 Intro to Hematopoietic System
Intro to Hematopoietic System
Dr. Melanie Osterhouse
1040 – blood/immune
Function of blood components
___ - oxygen transportation (by
hemoglobin)
___ - mobile elements of the body’s defense
system
____ - cell fragments important for blood
clotting
Blood Components
Organization of Total blood volume
Blood
componenets
plasma
55%
(91% water)
WBC
(Leukocyte)
Largest
Cellular
45%
RBC
(erythrocyte)
Middle
Platelet
(thrombocyte)
Smallest
Volume of Blood
__ L of blood circulating
1/3 of body weight
RBC lifetime = ____ days
RBCs are the heaviest resulting in the
bottom layer after centrifuging
Buffy coat - WBC and platelets - layer
above RBCs
Plasma - on top after centrifuging
Erythrokinetics
Kidney
stimulates erythropoietin
response to low oxygen
Bone Marrow
RBC production
Lung
Oxygenation
Tissues
supplied with oxygen and nutrients
Spleen
(and liver)
destroys old RBCs
Marrow Production
All bones - 0-5years of age
Pelvis (40%), vertebrae (28%),
cranium/mandible (13%), ribs (8%),
sternum (2%) - 20+ years of age
Red marrow = _____
yellow marrow = _______
Overview of ________
number of blood cells in the blood stream depends on three
factors:
Rate of production
Rate of release
Length of survival
Embryogenesis
_______________________
3rd gestational week - stem cells in yolk sac
3rd gestational month - liver becomes site
blood cell formation, with the help of
spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus
4th gestational month - bone marrow
becomes functional
Location of cell line
__________ - central marrow
__________ - osteoid/marrow junction
_____________ (discharge platelets) - line
sinusoids directly into blood stream
Pluripotential stem cell
terminolgy
stem cell
Stem
Cell
Lymphoid
LIne
erythroid
Non-lymphoid
line
(myeloid)
granulocyte
megakaryocyte
monocyte/macrophage
Erythropoesis
maturation process
Unipotential StemCell
(bone marrow)
Erythroblasts
6 days
Reticulocytes
(from marrow to blood)
1day:1day
Erthrocytes
120 days
Three mechanisms to increase
erythrocytes:
Increase number of stem cells
decrease maturation time
release ________into the bloodstream
earlier
_________
Due to oxygen demand, erythropoetin
stimulates hastening of RBC
maturation and early release of
reticulocytes into the bloodstream
___________
Young RBCs with extruded nucleus but
maintaining lots of RNA
Normal reticulocyte count is 1% with an
average half-life of 4.8 hours
Reticulocytes
The RNA is responsible for producing
_______.(RNA is not in mature RBCs)
Reticulocyte produces 30% of total hemoglobin
The other 70% is made in the pre-reticulocyte stages
Reticulocytes have ________ receptors
Transferrin carries iron to hemoglobin-producing
immature erythrocytes
Mature RBCs don’t have the receptors due to their inability to
synthesize hemoglobin
Reticulocytes VS mature RBC
RNA and ribosomes
Loss or RNA and
transferrin receptors
ribosomes
Loss of transferrin
receptors
No more hemoglobin
synthesis (carries
previously made Hb
from reticulocyte
stage)
bringing iron via
transferrin
hemoglobin synthesis
____ – depression
_________ - elevation
Polycytosis – increase in RBCs
Polycytopenia – decrease in RBCs
Break down of leukocytes
WBC
leukocyte
(WBC)
agranulocyte
(mononuclear
leukocyte)
Lymphocyte
monocyte
granculocyte
(polymorphonuclear
leukocyte)
neutorophil
basophil
eosinophil
WBC
5-10,000 = normal range
granulocytes are called polymorphonuclear
due to the multilobed nucleus
leukocytes live ______ days, destroyed by
lymphatic system and excreted in feces
Function = ____________
phagocytosis
produce, transport and distribute antibodies
WBC
Differential count = number of different
types of leukocytes
________ = WBC>10,000
severe leukocytosis in:
•leukemia
•leukemoid reaction = temporary
–seen in measles, pertussis, sepsis
_________ = WBC<4000
Seen in:
infection
bone marrow disorders
hypersplenism
IDA
__________ - avoid infection
avoid contamination by fresh fruits and veggies
WBC panic values (<500 or >30,000)
WBC value variables
___________ - low in
morning and high in late
afternoon
Newborn normal (1020,000) and gradually
decreases until age 21
Differential WBC count
________ -> pyogenic infections
_________ -> allergic disorders and parasitic
infection
________-> parasitic infections
_________ -> viral infecion
__________- -> severe infections by
phagocytosis
Summary of Immune System
Immune proteins are the most diverse proteins
known.
Immune system required to survive infection
Antibodies-aka ___________
vast number of antibodies made by re-shuffling a
small set of gene fragments
Immune system
The other immune
proteins are ___ receptors
recognizes only cells that
have self and nonself
markers.
Lymphocytes
lymphocytes
Origin =bone marrow
B cells
maturation=bone marrow
memory cell
plasma cell
antibodies
immunoglobulins
T cells
maturation complete in thymus gland
cytotoxic T cells
Helper T cells
suppressor T cells
_ cell line
Antibodies mark foreign organisms for
destruction
Complement system responds to this mark by
perforating the cell membrane.
Antigen-antibody complexes attract
macrophages to engulf and digest foreign
particles
B cell line
Diversity in B cells
comes from combinational
and mutational
mechanisms
Diversity increases the
number of distinct antigen
binding sites
T cell line
________ T cell =kill
target directly
________T
cell=recognize antigen and
stimulate B and T cells
______ T cell=opposite
helper T cell.
______________ (MHC)
The third class of proteins in immune system
(B and T cells and MHC)
MHC - found on all cell surfaces
T cells require recognition of both antigen and
a self MHC protein
MHC causes T cells to be attracted to infected
cells not free bacteria (to prevent replication of
infection)
__________
Smooth discs enclosed in a plasma membrane.
Two types of granules inside:
1.alpha containing fibrinogen
2. electron dense bodies-storage site for
ADP/ATP, Ca, histamine, serotonin,
epinephrine
With injury to a vessel, platelets
undergo three reactions:
______- - attachment of platelets to sites of
endothelial cell injury
__________-- release of platelet granules
– ADP induces platelet aggregation
Platelet ___________
– Thromboxane released by platelets causing
aggregation and vasoconstriction
____________
platelet contraction - fused mass stimulated by
the combination of ADP, thrombin, and
thromboxane
Thrombin causes fibrinogen to convert to fibrin
within the platelet aggregate making “platelet
bricks”
Platelet sequence
sequence of events
endothelial injury
recognized by platelets
platelets secrete granules
synthesize thromboxane A2
activation of extrinsic coagulation sequence
due to release of tissue factor from injured cells
ADP stimulates aggregated platelets
sequence of events
endothelial injury
recognized by platelets
platelets secrete granules
synthesize thromboxane A2
activation of extrinsic coagulation sequence
due to release of tissue factor from injured cells
ADP stimulates aggregated platelets
platelet brick formed
due to deposition of fibrin
platelet brick formed
due to deposition of fibrin
Coagulation sequence
transformation of proenzymes to
activated enzymes via intrinsic and
extrinsic pathway resulting in
thrombin formation
_________
occurs on the surface of activated
platelets
____________ = reduced
platelets (normal 150,000300,000/mm3)
spontaneous bleeding occurs below
20,000/mm3 of platelets.
Post-traumatic bleeding results in
platelets in the range of 20,00050,000/mm3
Thrombocytopenia causes small
vessel bleeding m/cly. M/C sites:
skin
mucous membranes of GI and GU
Intracranial bleeding
Thrombocytopenia - etiology
Decreased platelet
production
– marrow dz
• aplastic anemia
• leukemia
– drug/ alcohol
– AIDS
• antiplatelet antibodies due
to molecular mimicry
– megaloblastic anemia
• ineffective
megakaryopoiesis
Decreased platelet
survival
– autoimmune dz (SLE)
– drug
– Infection
Sequestration
– hypersplenism
Dilutional
mechanical injury
– prosthetic heart valve
Dilutional
________ - blood stored for longer
than 24 hours has virtually no viable
platelets
Defective platelet function
_____ has antiplatelet effect and is
thus used in Tx of recurrent MI
DIC - _______________
secondary thrombohemorrhagic disorder
Ch. by activation of the coagulation sequence
leading to diffuse formation of microthromi
endothelial injury - major trigger
M/Cly seen in obstetric complications,
malignancy, sepsis, and major trauma
– malignancies include leukemiaa, CA of lung, pancreas,
colon, stomach
• tumors releasing thromboplastic substances
DIC
deposition of fibrin within microcirculation
– causes _____-due to the squeezing of RBCs
through the narrowed microcirculation
– ischemic organs
bleeding
– due to consumption of platelets and clotting
factors and plasminogen
DIC
________are found in decreasing order:
– brain, heart, lung, kidney, adrenals, spleen, liver
50% of DIC is from complications of
________ (such as toxemia)
– reverses with delivery of fetus
Signs/Symptoms of DIC
Respiratory
– dyspnea, cyanosis,
distress
Neurologic
– convulsions, coma
Renal
– oliguria, acute failure
Circulation
– shock
Acute DIC from
trauma or obstetric
tends to be bleeding
dominant
Chromic DIC from
cancer tends to be
thrombotic dominant
DIC Tx
Depends on if bleeding or thrombosis
predominates
anticoagulants like heparin
coagulants like fresh-frozen plasma
Sometimes platelet transfusion
Specific anemic states
Dr. Melanie Osterhouse
Logan College of Chiropractic
____________
Decrease in the red cells caused by too little
iron
most common anemia
20%women, 50%pregnancy,3%men
Risk factors for IDA
Women who menstruate
pregnancy or lactation
children in rapid growth phases
low dietary intake (no meat or egg)
Blood loss (peptic ulcer dz, aspirin, colon
CA, uterine CA, blood donation
IDA symptoms
Pallor
fatigue
irritability
weakness
SOB
low BP
sore tongue
brittle nails
pica
decreased apetite
headache
___________
Failure of blood cell forming capacity in marrow
affecting all blood cell types
Causes Aplastic Anemia
Chemotherapy/ congenital
drugs
radiation
toxins
pregnancy
disorders
SLE
infectious
hepatitis
idiopathic
Aplastic anemia symptoms
Fatigue
pallor
SOB
tachycardia
arrhythmia
rash
bruising/bleeding
Signs
Enlarged spleen
tender sternum
low Hb and hematocrit
low retic
low platelet
abnormal marrow biopsy
Tx
Bone marrow transplant
transfusions
prognosis is death without treatment
Complications
Infection
cerebral hemorrhage
bleeding
Causes of ____________
Alcohol abuse
Liver dz (defective
folate or B12 def
DNA synthesis with
accelerated
erythropoiesis)
bone marrow disorders
hypothyroidism
chemotherapy/drugs
hemolysis/bleeding
macrocytosis results from:
Erythropoietin-mediated acceleration of
erythrocyte production, cell wall synthesis defects
and aberrant responses to erythropoietin
stimulation
symptoms
Anorexia
Headache
diarrhea
glossitis
paresthesia
jaundice
pallor
fatigue
__________ causes
polyneuropathy, myelopathy and
altered mental state due to:
Damage in the dorsal and lateral
columns of the spinal cord
signs
Abnormal reflexes
decreased
proprioception and
vibration
low hematocrit with
high MCV
low B12
Elevated ferritin
Tx of B12 def
Intramuscular B12 injections
Normal hematology in 2 months
Neurological compromise can be permanent