Transcript The Blood and Endocrine Systems

The Blood and
Endocrine Systems
Rene Mejia, Juan Lozano, Ariel Velez
Overview of Blood
● Nourishes cells
● Fights diseases
● Transports waste from
the cells
● Composed of plasma
and blood cells
Components in Blood
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Red blood cells(erythrocytes)
White blood cells(leukocytes)
Blood plasma
Platelets(thrombocytes)
Red Blood Cells/Erythrocytes
● concave-shaped
● transports oxygen,
hormones and nutrients
to cells
● Originates and matures in
the bone marrow
● removes CO2 from cells
White Blood Cells/Leukocytes
● fight infections and pathogens
● 3 types: T lymphocyte, B lymphocyte and
neutrophil
T lymphocytes
● regulate immune cell production
● attack pathogens
● Originate in the bone
marrow
● Mature in the thymus
● ball shaped
B lymphocytes
● produce antibodies and proteins
● their products target foreign invaders
● Originate and mature in the
bone marrow
● ball shaped
Neutrophil
● responds to an infection
during
the first stage
● most produced white
blood cell type
● Is a granulocyte
Blood plasma
● regulates pH and body temperature
● consists of water, fat, proteins, sugar, and
salts
● designed to transport cells and fluids
Platelets/thrombocytes
● small and fragmented
● used to clot cuts or
wounds
Hematopoiesis
● the process in which
blood cells are formed
● Occurs in the bone
marrow and lymphatic tissue
● Blood is typically
made in the bone marrow
● Form from stem cells
Hormones in Hematopoiesis
● Glucan is a stimulator
● Cytokines are also a stimulator
● Inhibitors include thymosin beta4
Cell Count
● provide the count of
erythrocytes and platelets
● provide the amount of
hemoglobin and
hematocrit found in
erythrocytes
● can detect blood related
diseases
Erythropoiesis
● the formation of red blood
cells in a yolk sack
● can occur in the
bone marrow after 7
months
● regulated by
erythropoietin
Stages of Erythropoiesis
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Myeloid stem cells turn into erythroblasts
They turn into erythrocytes
Remove nucleus for hemoglobin
Erythrocytes are then placed into the bloodstream
Cell Cycle
● events that lead to the division of a cell
● consists of 2 phases:interphase and mitotic
● When a cell leaves
the cycle it is
quiescent
Clotting
● Is the process in which platelets change
from a liquid to a solid
● prevents blood from escaping the body
● quality is affected by the amount of
platelets
● too much clotting is life-threatening
● 2 types: intrinsic and extrinsic
Intrinsic vs Extrinsic Clotting
● Intrinsic clotting is starts by the plasma’s
“contact factors”
● Extrinsic clotting begins by the release of
tissue factor
Prevention of Excessive Clotting
 can be prevented by
regular exercise of
antiplatelet therapy
Blood Types
● the classification
of blood by
the appearance
of antigens
and antibodies
Overview of the Endocrine System
● a system of glands that
produce hormones
● these hormones control
much of our bodies’
growth, production,
functions, and
development
Hormones
● a class of molecules used to communicate
between the endocrine system and tissues
● regulate activities
● some are water soluble and others are lipid
soluble
Homeostasis
● is the successful regulation
of variables and maintaining
stability within the body
● is kept through hormones and feedback
systems
● is ultimately controlled by the nervous and
endocrine systems
Homeostasis
● insulin and glucagon regulate glucose
● kidneys remove waste from the blood
● hormones and neurotransmitters are
chemical messengers that detect issues
affecting homeostasis
Components of the Endocrine System
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Pituitary Gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testicles
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Hypothalamus
Pineal gland
Thymus gland
Kidneys
Uterus
Hypothalamus
● inferior to the thalamus
● is the part of the brain
that controls the
pituitary gland
● connects the nervous
system to the endocrine
system
Pituitary Gland
● known as the “master gland”
● Inferior to the hypothalamus
● secretes the growth
hormone(GH),TSH,ACTH,PRL,
MSH, ADH and oxytocin
● the hormones it releases control
other glands or water regulation in
the body
Pituitary Hormones
Pineal Gland
● small and located on the brain stem
● secretes melatonin
● affects sleep patterns
Thyroid Gland
● produces and regulates
adrenaline, epinephrine
and dopamine
● controlled by the TSH
● Located on the trachea
Parathyroid gland
● controls the body’s calcium levels
● secretes calcitonin, which decreases the
calcium absorbed
Thymus
● located in the thorax,
in between the sternum
and heart
● houses T-lymphocytes
until they mature
● secretes thymosin
Adrenal gland
● secretes cortisol,aldosterone,
corticosterone, sex hormones, adrenaline
and norepinephrine
● it controls stress, blood pressure
and regulates metabolism
● located in the abdominal cavity
Kidneys
● located in the posterior of the abdominal cavity
● secrete calcitriol, erythropoietin, and renin
● remove excess waste
from the blood and urine
● reabsorb water,
amino acids and glucose
Pancreas
● secretes insulin,
somatostatin, glucagon,
glycogen and pancreatic
polypeptide
● helps the digestive process
● located in the abdominal
cavity behind the stomach
Ovaries
● produces ovum
● located in the pelvic
cavity near the uterus
● secretes estrogen,
testosterone, and
progestogen
● its hormones maintain the
reproductive organs and enlarge the chest
Uterus
● hold the ovum during its development
● located at the bottom of the pelvic cavity
● responds to the hormones given off by the
ovaries
Testicles
● produce sperm
● secretes testosterone and
estrogen
● protrude from the pelvic
cavity
● fosters hair growth and
increases muscle mass
Works Cited
"American Society of Hematology." Blood Basics. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Feb. 2015.
<http://www.hematology.org/Patients/Basics/>.
"Homeostasis." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 26 Feb. 2015.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostasis>.
Nordqvist, Christain. "What Is Blood? What Does Blood Do?" Medical News Today. MediLexicon International, 12 Sept. 2014.
Web. 26 Feb. 2015. <http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/196001.php>.
"Regenerative Medicine Partnership in Education." Regenerative Medicine Partnership in Education. SEPA, 2006. Web. 26 Feb.
2015. <http://sepa.duq.edu/regmed/immune/SpecifMaturation.html>.
Samuel, Leslie. "Erythropoiesis – Formation of Red Blood Cells - Interactive Biology, with Leslie Samuel." Interactive Biology with
Leslie Samuel. Leslie Samuel, 31 July 2012. Web. 26 Feb. 2015. <http://www.interactive-biology.com/3969/erythropoiesisformation-of-red-blood-cells/>.
Taylor, Tim. "Endocrine System." InnerBody. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Feb. 2015.
<http://www.innerbody.com/image/endoov.html>.