Transcript immunity
CONCEPTS OF INFLAMMATION AND THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
BODY DEFENSE MECHANISMS
IMMUNITY
Purpose of inflammation and immunity
Neutralize, eliminate or destroy
organisms that invade internal
environment
Healthy self cells are distinguished from
non-self cells by immune system cells
SELF AND NON-SELF CELLS
Body can only defend against an invader if
it is able to distinguish between its own
cells (self) and those of an invader (nonself)
Each cell in the body carries on its surface
the same distinct marker for selfness
SELF AND NON-SELF CELLS
Tissue introduced into a person (i.e.
transplant) will be recognized as non-self
Key feature of the immune system is its
ability to recognize self against non-self
cells. If this does not occur can lead to
autoimmune disorders where the immune
system attacks self cells
HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGENS
Universal Product Code—proteins found
on the surface of all body cells of an
individual
Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLAs) are
proteins responsible for each individual’s
universal product code. Their function is to
transport antigens from within the cell to
the cell surface
HLAs
Immune System uses the HLAs to
differentiate between self and non-self
cells. Any cells displaying that person’s
HLA type belongs to that person (and is
not an invader)
HLAs is dependent on which genes are
inherited by parents
Self -Tolerance—Ability to recognize self
vs. non-self cells. Necessary to prevent
healthy body cells from being destroyed
along with invaders
Antigen (antibody generation) is a specific
foreign protein that prompts the
generation of antibodies. Antigens specify
tissue type of person
FACTORS AFFECTING IMMUNE SYSTEM
FUNCTION
Nutritional Status
Environmental Conditions
Therapeutic Agents
Presence of Disease
Age
Genetics
Certain viruses
IMMUNE SYSTEM CELLS AND HORMONES
Stem Cells
Maturation
Leukocytes (Table 23-1, Page 364)
Actions
Recognize self vs. non-self
Phagocytic destruction
Lytic destruction
Production of antobodies
THE THREE DIVISIONS OF IMMUNITY
INFLAMMATION
ANTIBODY- MEDIATED IMMUNITY
CELL- MEDIATED IMMUNITY
INFLAMMATION
Process by which the body utilizes WBCs and
chemicals to provide immediate protection from
infection and foreign substances
Nonspecific immune response
Can rid body of harmful organisms
Tissue damage may result from chronic
inflammation
INFLAMMATION
WHAT DISEASES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH
INFLAMMATION?
WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF INFLAMMATION?
WHAT CAUSES THE SYMPTOMS OF
INFLAMMATION?
WHAT MEDICATIONS ARE USED TO TREAT
INFLAMMATION?
TYPES OF CELLS INVOLVED IN INFLAMMATION
NEUTROPHILS
SEGS, BANDS
MACROPHAGES
EOSINOPHILS
BASOPHILS
PROGRESSIOM FROM BAND TO SEG
PHAGOCYTOSIS
Key process of inflammation
Cellular process of engulfing solid particles
such as bacteria and cell debris and
removing them
Rids the body of debris after tissue injury
PHAGOCYTOSIS—SEVEN STEPS
EXPOSURE AND INVASION
ATTRACTION
ADHERENCE
RECOGNITION
CELLULAR INGESTION
PHAGOSOME FORMATION
DEGRADATION
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE SEQUENCE
Stage I- Vascular (change in blood vessel
Phase I rapid blood vessel constriction
Phase II hyperemia, edema
Stage II- Cellular Exudate increase in
circulating neutrophils, formation of pus
Stage III- Tissue Repair and Replacement
ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
Antibody—a protein (gammaglobulin) that
forms to defend the body from a specific
antigen (foreign substance), such as chemical
agents, virus particles, and bacterial toxins
All antibodies are gammaglobulins (also
called immunoglobulins)
Globulin is a protein in a globular shape
Globular proteins provide immunity
Resulting term is immumoglobulin
AMI
Antigen-Antibody Reactions
Destroy, eliminate, neutralize foreign
proteins
Long lasting immune reaction
Entire immune system must function
adequately for optimal AMI
AMI
CELLS INVOLVED IN AMI
B-cells
Macrophages
T-Lymphocytes
B-Cells
Start as stem cells from bone marrow
Produce antibodies to specific foreign protein
Develop in lymphocytic tissue
Produce antibodies
AMI
ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY INTERACTIONS
EXPOSURE
ANTIGEN RECOGNITION
LYMPHOCYTIC SENSITIVATION
ANTIBODY PRODUCTION AND RELEASE
ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY BINDING
ANTIBODY BINDING ACTIONS
SUSTAINED IMMUNITY: MEMORY
ANTIBODY TYPES
IMMUNOGLOBULINS ARE CLASSIFIED BY SIZE,
TIMING, AND ASSOCIATION
IgA
IgD
IgE
IgG
IgM
ACQUIRED ANTIBODY MEDIATED IMMUNITY
Innate-native Immunity
Adaptive Immunity
Active Immunity
ACQUIRED ANTIBODY MEDIATED IMMUNITY
Nature Active Immunity
Artificial Active Immunity
Passive Immunity
CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY
Provided by mature lymphocyte stem cells
Helps protect the body by differentiating self
from non-self cells. Cells most easily
recognized by CMI are cancer cells and those
cells inflicted by organisms that live in the
host cell
CMI
T-lymphocytes (T-cells)
Helper-Inducer T- Cells
Suppressor T-cells
Cytotoxic/Cytolytic T-Cells
Natural Killer Cells
CYTOKINES
Small, secreted proteins which regulate
immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis
Act by binding to specific membrane
receptors, which then signal the cell to alter
its behavior, causing a change in function of
the target cell.
Many different types of cells can produce the
same cytokine, and a single cytokine may act
on a variety of target cells
CYTOKINES
TRANSPLANT REJECTION
Hyperacute Graft
Acute Graft
Chronic
TREATMENT OF TRANSPLANT REJECTION
Medication
Maintenance
Rescue Therapy