Transcript Ch. 4 HCC Learning R with attribution

LEARNING *
A relatively permanent
change in behavior or
knowledge resulting from
experience
Classical Conditioning *
Image attributed to Stangor, 2011. Introduction to Psychology
• Learning by
association
• A neutral
stimulus
becomes
associated with
a stimulus that
naturally
produces a
behavior (e.g.
a reflex)
• Pavlov Video
Defining Terms
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Unconditioned Stimulus (US)*
Naturally produces unconditioned response *
Unconditioned Response (UR) –reflexive, innate
Neutral stimulus (NS) produces no response.
After pairing US & NS (conditioning), then
NS becomes CS (conditioned stimulus *)
• CS = learned stimulus
• Conditioned stimulus produces conditioned
response (CR) = learned response
• Student Experiment in Classical Conditioning (video)
Terms in Classical Conditioning
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Stimulus Generalization * (Watson & Little Albert)
Respond to similar NS as if they were CS.
Stimulus Discrimination *
Learn to respond differently to similar stimuli
Extinction *
Remove US, present CS, response gradually declines
Spontaneous Recovery *
Learned response returns after extinction.
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Image attributed to Stangor, 2011. Introduction to Psychology
Nature and Classical Conditioning
• Phobia *
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Unreasonable fear causing distress or dysfunction.
Related to evolution – adaptive fears.
What phobia do you have?
How did evolution prepare you to develop this fear?
Taste Aversion *
One trial learning after sickness from food
Do you have a personal experience?
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder *
Strong associative learning with stress/fear.
Practical Application: Advertising
• Goal = learned association between product
and natural, positive feeling (e.g. sexual
arousal, nice mood, good taste, relaxation)
• Budweiser Ad video
• Associations with fear also work
• Most successful when:
• Little knowledge of products
• Little difference between products.
• Consumer doesn’t think carefully or critically.
2. Operant Conditioning *
• Thorndike’s Law of Effect *
• Learning Based on Consequences (video)
• B.F. Skinner
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Consequences determine frequency of behavior
Reinforcement *
Increases the frequency of behavior
Punishment *
Suppresses behavior
• Skinner video
Key Concepts
• Reinforcer *
• Anything that increases behavior
• Video
• What reinforces you? How does this change over time?
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Extinction *
Remove reinforcers, behavior decreases
Discriminative Stimulus *
Cue for availability of reinforcement Video
Generalization *
Treat similar stimuli as discriminative stimulus
More Key Concepts
• Shaping *
• Reinforcement for successive approximations
to the target behavior Shaping Video
• Primary reinforcer *
• Natural, biological –e.g. food,
water, sleep
• Secondary reinforcer *
• Learned, social or
exchange value
Practice Analyzing Operant
Conditioning
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Watch this video: Clicker Training
What behavior is being shaped?
What is the primary reinforcer?
What is the secondary reinforcer?
What is the role of patience in operant
conditioning?
• What human behaviors could you shape with
operant conditioning?
Positive & Negative Reinforcement
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Positive reinforcement *
Increases behavior when given
Negative reinforcement *
Increases behavior when removed
• Positive and Negative Reinforcement (video)
• What will the mother do the next time the child
cries?
• What do you anticipate will happen if the mother
and child continue this pattern?
Punishment *
• Suppresses behavior
• What makes punishment more effective?
• Consistent, immediate, administered by respected person,
appropriate, combined with reinforcement for alternate behavior
• Possible Problems with Punishment?
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Models aggression
Increases negative emotions: anger, depression, anxiety
Bad feelings towards punishing agent
Possibility of abuse, loss of control
Do not learn how to get what you wanted
Increases negative behaviors – aggression, withdrawal,
learned helplessness
Learned Helplessness
• Giving Up (video)
• Seligman’s research with dogs.
• Repeated punishment or failure can lead to
learned helplessness.
• What happens when a person repeatedly tries
to achieve a goal and is
punished for trying?
• What are some examples of
when learned helplessness
occurs?
Behavior Modification *
• Applying the principles of conditioning to
change behavior.
• Behavior Modification of Preschooler (video)
• Outline the steps you would take
to get a child to do their chores
without complaining.
• How would you set up a
behavior modification program
in a prison?
Cognition and Conditioning
• Can you be controlled?
• How do you respond when you
know someone is trying to
shape your behavior?
• Variables include:
• Awareness
• Anticipation
• Expectations video
• Planning, Counter-control
• Do you negotiate conditions &
consequences for your behavior?
3. Insight and Latent Learning
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Mental Combinations (video)
How does this demonstrate insight learning?
Chimpanzee "Insight“ (video)
How is this insight learning more complex?
Give an example of how you learn by putting
together ideas.
• Tolman – Latent learning and cognitive maps.
• Cognitive Map (video)
4. Observational Learning *
• Learning by observing the behavior of others.
• Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment (video)
• What are the implications for media viewing?
• Variables which influence modeling include:
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Similarity, proximity, frequency
Personality of viewer, attention
Attractiveness of model, alternate models
List some positive and negative examples of
observational learning.