Transcript A person with low intelligence score, but possesses

Round II
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15 seconds
Begins when appears on the board
Buzz in/Wait for school name!!!
Answer
Correct = 1 point
Incorrect = -1 point
Rotate every 5 questions
DON’T GUESS – ONLY BUZZ IF YOU KNOW!
DO LISTEN TO YOUR GUT!!
Psychoactive drugs such as
alcohol, opiates, and barbiturates
that reduce neural activity and
slow body functioning.
Depressants
The smallest increase or
decrease in a stimulus that a
person can detect
Just noticeable
difference/Difference threshold
An individuals regulated weight
level, maintained by adjusting
food intake and energy output
Set Point
According to Piaget, this stage
lasts from birth until about age 2.
Infants grow cognitively through
their senses and their motor
activities.
Sensorimotor
This theory presumes that the
rate or speed of a nerve impulse
on the nerve matches the rate or
speed of the tone, enabling us to
sense pitch.
Frequency Theory
Mutual giving and receiving
between partners in a
relationship
Equity
The study of the relationship
between the physical
characteristics of stimuli and our
psychological experience of
them.
Psychophysics
The active ingredient in
marijuana that acts as a mild
hallucinogen
THC
According to Piaget, the stage of
cognitive development that
begins around 12. People can
think logically about abstract
concepts.
Formal Operational Stage
Blood sugar, the major source of
energy for the body’s tissues.
Elevated levels in the body will
reduce hunger.
Glucose
Process by which receptor cells
in the eye, ear, skin, and nose
convert environmental stimuli into
neural impulses
Transduction
Ring of muscle tissue
surrounding the pupil and
controlling its diameter
Iris
The degree to which a person is
motivated by a desire for
significant accomplishment,
mastery, or attainment of high
standards
Achievement Motivation
Level of information processing
of which we are unaware. Freud
said this influences our
susceptibility to subliminal
messages and is revealed by our
dreams.
Unconscious
Modification of existing schemas
in order to incorporate new
information
accomodation
A theory of motives that proposes
human motives rank from basic
physical needs through higherlevel needs for safety, love,
esteem, and self-actualization.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
The idea that people perceive
objects as whole, rather than
as parts; the whole is greater
than the sum of the parts
Gestalt Psychology
Awareness of self and
environment
consciousness
Visual perceptions requiring
the use of both eyes –
includes retinal disparity and
convergence
Binocular depth cues
The least amount of stimulus
that can be detected 50% of
the time
Absolute threshold
Social interaction in which one
person suggests to another that
certain perceptions, feelings,
thoughts, or behaviors will
spontaneously occur.
Hypnosis
The social bond that develops
between an infant and its
caregiver. Studied by Harlow
and Ainsworth.
attachment
States that aggression is
triggered when people become
angry because their efforts to
achieve a goal have been
blocked.
Frustration-Aggression Principle
The idea that the location the
sound wave stimulates the
cochlear lining determines the
pitch of a sound
Frequency
The perceptual tendency to
organize stimuli in order to arrive
at meaningful forms. Gestalt
psychologists first identified these
principles.
Grouping
The growth of thinking and
reasoning abilities studied by
Piaget is known as
Cognitive development
A woman’s first menstrual
period
Menarche
The ability to see objects in
three dimensions; allows to
judge distance
Depth perception
Ruth is taking a drug that has
excited her neural activity and
sped up her body functions.
What type of drug is this?
Stimulant
The fertilized egg. From
conception until attachment to
the uterine wall.
Zygote
Minimum amount of stimulation
that a subject can detect 50% of
the time.
Absolute Threshold
Hearing loss that results from
damage to the mechanics of the
middle or outer ear which impairs
sound wave being sent to the
inner ear.
Conduction Deafness
Nonreproductive sexual
characteristics like breasts, body
hair, and deeper voices
Secondary Sex Characteristics
Linear perspective,
interposition, texture gradient,
relative size and height.
Monocular/Distance Cues
The discomfort and distress that
follow the discontinued use of
addictive drugs.
Withdrawal
The visual receptors that
process light and dark.
Rods and Cones
A sleep disorder characterized by
sudden, uncontrollable sleep
attacks. The person enters
directly into REM sleep.
Narcolepsy
The binocular depth cue based
on the extent to which each eye
turns inward when looking at
close objects.
Convergence
The brain’s capacity for
modification as evidenced by
reorganization following brain
damage (especially in children).
Plasticity
A sense of one’s own identity.
Develops around 18 months
according to results of the
rouge test.
Self-concept
Positive or negative emotional
stimuli that motivate behavior.
Incentives
The individual who studied
attachment using the “strange
situation” method.
Ainsworth
Large, slow brainwaves
measured by an EEG that are
associated with deep brain sleep
(IV)
Delta Waves
The rudiments of personality and
a child’s characteristic emotional
reactivity and intensity. Strongly
linked to heredity and endures
over time.
Temperament
Maintains that the retina contains
red, green, and blue sensitive
color receptors. Defined by
Young and Helmholtz.
Trichromatic Theory
End Review
The focusing of conscious
awareness on a particular
stimulus out of those that we are
capable of experiencing.
Selective Attention
The perception that objects have
the same lightness, color, shape,
and size, even as illumination
and retinal images change.
Perceptual Constancy
Walter Mischel conducted a unique test
with marshmallows and small children.
Those children who were able to wait
for two marshmallows, later showed a
stronger _______________ motivation
in life.
achievement
Said that language is inborn
and that we each have a
language acquisition device
Noam Chomsky
The body’s tendency to maintain
a balanced or constant internal
state.
Homeostasis
No longer afraid of dogs like she was as a
child, 10 years after being attacked, Sally
sees a dog like the one that bit her and
she suddenly screams and runs in fright,
even though the dog is not threatening.
What is Sally experiencing?
Spontaneous Recovery
Matilda is about 5 years old. She has a
good grasp of language, but is unable to
understand the mental operations of
concrete logic. What Piagetan stage of
cognitive development is she in?
Preoperational Stage
My big brother sneaks up behind me
and scares me. My heart beats wildly
and I scream at the SAME TIME that I
feel fear. Which theory of emotion
describes my fear?
Cannon-Bard
Determined bye the frequency of
a sound wave. Measured in
hertz. How high or low a sound
is. Squeek!
Pitch
Any regular biological rhythm,
such as body temperature and
sleep-wake, that follows a 24hour time frame.
Circadian Rhythm
Neurons that carry information
and instructions for actions from
the central nervous system to the
muscles and glands
Motor/Efferent/Effector
The first step in memory;
information is translated into
some form that enables it to enter
our memory system.
Encoding
According to Erikson, the ability
to develop close, loving
relationships. The primary task
of early adulthood.
Intimacy
The philosophical belief that the
mind and body are distinct
entities – the mind nonphysical,
the body physical. Belief system
of those that believe in near
death experiences.
dualism
A neural impulse generated by
movement of positively charged
ions in and out of the cell
membrane. Also known as
depolarization.
Action Potential
False sensory experiences that
occur without any sensory input.
hallucinations
A spider jumps onto Roger’s foot. He shakes
the spider off and does an icky dance. For
the rest of the day he feels anxious and can’t
quite figure out why. Which theory of
emotion would explain this?
Zajonc-Ledoux
Noah believes it is best to get rid of your
anger by punching a punching bag and
visualizing the person you are mad at. This
belief that anger is reduced by purging
actions it is known as:
Catharsis Hypothesis
Group-oriented leadership that
builds teamwork, mediates
conflict, offers social support, and
is often adopted by Theory Y
managers.
Social Leadership
I see a snake. My heart beats faster, I start
to sweat, and THEN I feel scared. Which
theory of emotion is exemplified?
James-Lange
Social definition of male and
female
Gender
Part of the cerebrum known
as the sensory cortex.
Parietal Lobes
Brain imaging technique that
measures levels of activity in
different areas of the brain by
tracing neural consumption of
radioactive sugar.
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
The operant conditioning procedure for
establishing a new response by
reinforcing successive approximations of
the desired behavior.
Shaping
The unlearned, involuntary
response to the unconditioned
stimulus.
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Frank was classically conditioned
to fear red toyota cars when one
almost ran him over. Now he
fears ALL red cars. What is
Frank experiencing?
Generalization
Tremors associated with the
use of anti-psychotic
medications. Believed to be
related to reduction in
dopamine levels.
Tardive Dyskenesia
The unconscious system of
personality, consisting of basic
sexual and aggressive drives,
that supplies psychic energy to
personality.
Id
The disruptive effect of
something you already learned in
the past on your efforts to recall
new information.
Proactive Interference
A neural impulse generated by
movement of positively charged
ions in and out of the cell
membrane. Also known as
depolarization.
Action Potential
A nerve cell
Neuron
A complex molecule containing
the genetic information that
makes up the chromosome
DNA
The body’s “slower” chemical
communication system, consists
of glands that secrete hormones
into the bloodstream.
Endocrine System
An irreversible brain disease caused by
deterioration of neurons that produce
acetylcholine. Characterized by a
progressive loss of memory and general
cognitive function.
Alzheimer’s Disease
Sammy decides to try drinking alcohol.
He has always felt that drinking is bad.
After he drinks, he feels discomfort.
Thus, he decides that drinking is “okay” to
make himself feel better. What is Sammy
experiencing?
Cognitive Dissonance
A cultural emphasis on the goals
of one’s group and defining one’s
identity accordingly common in
Eastern and Latin cultures.
Collectivism
In an experiment, behavior or
mental process expected to
change as a result of
manipulations by the
experimentor.
Dependent variable
The portion of the neuron that
receives messages
Dendrite
An overwhelming feeling of
sadness, apathy, and/or guilt.
Depression
The mechanism used to
record brain waves
Electroencephalograph
A mathematical expression of
the strength of a relationship
Correlation Coefficient
Research strategy to
determine the strength
relationship between two
variables. Cannot infer
causation.
Correlational method
Type of symptom where the
person is out of touch with reality.
Includes hallucinations and
delusions
Psychotic
Procedure of assigning subjects
to the experimental and control
conditions by chance in order to
minimize preexisting differences
between groups.
Random assignment
Bob is resigned to the fact that he
lacks all control over his job and
this will always be. This feeling
developed as a result of repeated
exposure to negative events.
Learned Helplessness
An eating disorder characterized
by private binge-purge episodes
of overeating followed by
vomiting or laxative use.
Bulimia Nervosa
An antidepressant drug that is
commonly used to stabilize
manic-depressive mood swings
of the bipolar disorder.
Lithium
End Review
An individual’s characteristic
pattern of thinking, feeling, and
acting.
Personality
Personality Disorder
characterized by marked
instability of self-image, mood,
and interpersonal relationships.
Borderline
Roger has a particular cognitive
condition. He has an IQ below
70 and a difficulty adapting to the
normal demands of living.
Mental Retardation
Relatively stable organization of
beliefs, feelings, and behavior
that predispose a person to
respond in certain ways to
objects, people, events
Attitude
A biomedical therapy often used
to treat major depressive
disorders. Involves a shock
passing through the body/brain to
increase norepinephrine.
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
The most widely used projective
test, consisting of ten inkblots
that people are asked to interpret
Rorschach Inkblot
Peter took a test that is designed to
predict his future performance in college.
This test measures his capacity to learn
new information, rather than measuring
what he already knows. What kind of test
is this?
Aptitude Test
Legal term for mentally disturbed
people who are not considered
responsible for heir criminal
actions
Insanity
Explanation of someone’s
behavior based on their mood,
disposition, or situation.
Attribution theory
A nerve impulse; generated by
movement of positively
charged atoms.
Action potential
The idea that certain events
occur together
Association/associative
Consists of the brain and
spinal cord
Central Nervous System
The convoluted surface of the
brain; outermost wrinkled
matter; center of higher-level
thinking
Cerebral cortex
The bond that develops
between an infant and a
caregiver
attachment
Behavior aimed at doing harm
to others; the motive to
behave in this manner
aggression
A feeling of fear, impending
doom, without an identifiable
source
anxiety
Once used to control violent
patients, a form of psychosurgery
in which the nerves linking the
emotional centers of the brain to
the frontal lobes are severed
Lobotomy
Threadlike structures made of
DNA molecules, which contain
the genes. Twenty-three are
from the egg at conception;
Twenty-three from the sperm.
Chromosomes
The layer of fatty cells that cover
some axons and help speed
neural transmission
Myelin Sheath
Estimating the probability of an event in
terms of how readily an example comes
to mind. I might get hit by a car because I
saw a report on the news last night of a
woman who got hit.
Availability Heuristic
The false sense that you have
already been in or experienced a
current situation.
Deja Vu
The activation, often
unconscious, of a web of
associations in memory in order
to retrieve a certain memory.
Requires cues
Priming
The undermining effect of being
rewarded for something
enjoyable, thus making the
motivation extrinsic.
Overjustification Effect
The tendency to recall
experiences that are consistent
with our current emotional state.
Mood-congruent memory
Use of computers to simulate
human cognitive processes
Artificial intelligence
Inconsistencies among
experiences set up an
unpleasant state that people
try to reduce.
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Learning by pairing a CS with
a US and forming an
association
Classical conditioning
Adjusting thinking or behavior
to match the standards of a
group
conformity
Condition in an experiment
that serves as a contrast for
the experimental treatment
Control
A view that science flourishes
through observation and
experimentation
empiricism
Complex molecule containing
genetic information to make
up chromosomes
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
The part of personality
according to Freud that
mediates demands; operates
on a reality principle
ego
Principle that events in nature
are outcomes of natural
causes, not spiritual
intervention
Determinism
William James’ theory that
studies how the mind uses its
abilities to exist in the
environment; focuses on the
purpose rather than the
structure of consciousness
Functionalism
After associating this with a
US, a conditioned response
occurs
Conditioned stimulus
The part of personality that
contains basic drives of sex
and aggression; Goal is to
pursue pleasure and satisfy
basic biological drives
Id
The causal explanation of
events, disorder, etc.
Etiology
The reduction of a response
when the CS is not followed
by the UCS
Extinction
The group in an experiment
that is manipulated by the
independent variable
Experimental group
Freudian idea that encourages
talk about whatever comes to
mind with the idea that freeflowing talking provides clues
to the unconscious
Free Association
Theory that those traits and
characteristics that enable
survival will persist.
Evolution
A graph to measuring the
amount of information that
subjects remember across
time. Ebbinghaus concept
Forgetting curve
Conducted to determine if an
educated guess about a
phenomenon is accurate.
Experimentation
The treatment or other factor
that a researcher will control
or manipulate
Independent variable
Thorndike theory that behavior
that results in a form of
positive reward will persist and
be “learned”
Law of Effect or Instrumental
Behavior
A state of focus on the internal
experience. Used by Wundt
and Titchener to study the
mind.
Introspection
Research in which the same
people are studied over a
span of time.
Longitudinal Research
Ability to learn from
experience, solve problems,
and use knowledge to adapt
to situations
intelligence
Cognitive representations that
represent some of the
characteristic attributes of our
sensory experiences
Mental Imagery
A prolonged or reoccurring
problem that interferes with an
individual’s ability to function
in society
Mental illness
The trait of focusing on the
social and external world
extraversion
A measure of intelligence
found by dividing mental age
by chronological age
Intelligence Quotient
The process that can store an
almost unlimited amount of
information
Long term memory
In learning theory, this occurs when a
subjects performs an instrumental
response (pressing lever, etc.) and is
rewarded for that action, thus
increasing the likelihood that the
behavior will repeat.
Law of Effect or Operant
Conditioning
End Review
Controversy at the basis of the
Behavior-Genetics
perspective of Psychology
Nature/Nurture Controversy
A representation of a
distribution in which one
standard deviation would
include 68% of the scores.
Normal distribution
Famous research study that
showed that 65% of subjects
will obey the someone they
believe to be in authority, even
if the request could potentially
do harm.
Milgram’s Experiment
A desirable reward designed
to increase desired behavior
Positive reinforcement
Pain is reduced based on a
person’s belief that the
treatment is helping.
Placebo effect
A rigid, intolerant, irrational
attitude toward a group of
people
Prejudice
A chemical messenger
released by the synaptic
vesicles
Neurotransmitter
Skinnerian form of learning in
which behaviors are emitted to
earn reward or avoid
punishment
Operant Conditioning
Darwin’s book – it discusses
evolutionary theories
Origin of the species
The ability to perceive, regulate,
and understand emotions.
Emotional Intelligence
Part of the brain known as the
“emotional” center. Contains the
hippocampus, hypothalamus,
and amygdala
Limbic System
Ellis’ confrontational cognitive
therapy that maintains that
irrational thinking is the cause of
many psychological problems
Rational Emotive Therapy
A statistical measure that
indicates the extent to which two
factors vary together and thus
how well one factor can predict
another.
Correlation
For an experiment testing the effects of a
new drug on reaction time, this would be
a group of subjects given no drugs or a
placebo instead of the drug being tested.
Control Group/Control Condition
These cells carry information
about internal and external
stimuli to the central nervous
system in order to be processed.
Sensory Neurons
Natural, opiate like
neurotransmitters linked to pain
control and feelings of pleasure.
Endorphins
The extension of a neuron that
sends the impulses to the other
waiting neurons.
Axon
Located at the back and base of
the brain, these contain the visual
cortex, which receive information
from both eyes.
Occipital Lobes
Understood social prescriptions
or rules for accepted and
expected behaviors
Norms
These develop from a single
fertilized egg that splits in two
and are therefore genetically the
same.
Identical Twins
The impairment of language as a
result of damage to any of
several cortical areas, including
Broca’s and Wernicke’s area.
aphasia
A manifestation of the commonly
held belief that good is rewarded
and evil is punished.
Just-world phenomenon
Children acquire a concept of
what it means to be male or
female in their particular culture
and adjust their behavior
accordingly.
Gender Schema Theory
A mental grouping of similar
objects, events, or people
Concept
Tendency to continue applying a
particular problem-solving
strategy, even when it is no
longer helpful.
Mental Set
A generalized (often an
overgeneralization) belief about a
group of people.
stereotype
The disruptive effect of
something recently learned on
old knowledge.
Retroactive Interference
The treatment of psychological
disorders by seeking to expose
and interpret the tensions within
a patient’s unconscious using
methods like free association.
Psychoanalysis
Spearman’s view that there is
one underlying factor for specific
intelligences.
G factor
Your AP exam is this type of test.
It is designed to measure what
you know about psychology.
Achievement Tests
A statistical procedure that identifies
factors, or clusters of items, that seem to
define a common ability. Using this
procedure, psychologists have identified
several clusters including verbal
intelligence, spatial abilities, and
reasoning ability factors.
Factor Analysis
The arithmetic average, a
measure of central tendency,
computed by adding together the
scores in a distribution and
dividing by the number of scores.
Mean
The proportion of variation
among individuals that can be
attributed to genetic factors.
Heritability
Tendency to perceive oneself
favorably
Self-serving bias
Emily decides to buy a new computer
only when the specific facts about
the computer were presented to her.
She was not swayed by the sale
price or the fancy pink color. Which
method of persuasion was she
subject to?
Central Route to Persuasion
A form of counterconditioning in
which an unpleasant state
becomes associated with an
unwanted behavior
Aversive conditioning
One goes along with and
conforms to a group when one is
unsure or lacks content
knowledge.
Informational Social Influence
The oldest and innermost region
of the brain. Extension of the
spinal cord. Its structures directly
relate to autonomic survival
functions.
Brainstem
The symmetrically bell-shaped
curve that describes many types
of data, with most scores
centered around the mean.
Normal Curve
The tendency to judge the
likelihood of things in terms of
how well they conform to one’s
prototype. The robber was a
gang member rather than a
banker.
Representative Heuristic
Inability to think about a
problem in a new way.
Fixation
The loss of self-awareness and
self-restraint that sometimes
occurs in a group situation. This
fosters arousal and anonymity.
Deindividuation
The tendency of a person to be
less likely to offer help to
someone if there are other
people present. Kitty Ginovese is
the most extreme case.
Bystander Effect
A projective personality test that
involves ambiguous pictures
people are asked to make up
stories about
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Therapy focused on relationships
and problems among various
members of a family
Family-Centered
Form of group therapy intended
to help troubled couples improve
their communication and
interactions.
Marriage Therapy/Marital/Couples
Type of counterconditioning
where a state of relaxation is
classically conditioned to a
hierarchy of gradually increased
anxiety-provoking stimuli.
Systematic Desensitization
Methodical, logical procedure
that, while sometimes slow,
guarantees a correct solution
every time.
Algorithm
Unusually vivid memory of an
emotionally important moment in
one’s life.
Flashbulb Memory
End Review
Views abnormal behavior as a
result of unconscious, internal
conflict, usually rooted in the
past.
Psychoanalytical/Psychodynamic
Model
Defense Mechanism in which an
impulse is shifted on to a more
acceptable object than the one
originally arousing the impulse.
Displacement
Freudian technique in which the
person is encouraged to say
whatever comes to mind in order
to explore the unconscious.
Free Association
Enduring behaviors, ideas,
attitudes, and traditions shared
by a group of people and
transmitted from one generation
to anther.
Culture
Factor being measured by the
investigator in an experimental
design. Observed element of the
study.
Dependent Variable
An integrated set of principles
that organizes a set of
observations and makes testable
predictions.
Theory
Process of repeating an
experiment with different subjects
and the same methods to
determine validity of research.
Replication
Ratio of mental age divided by
chronological age multiplied by
100.
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
Development becomes arrested
due to unresolved conflict.
Characteristic of Freudian and
Eriksonian theories of
development.
Fixation
Precise statements of the
procedures used to define the
independent and dependent
variables
Operational Definition
Compulsion to expose one’s
genitals in public to achieve
arousal
Exhibitionism
A somatoform disorder in which a
person interprets insignificant
symptoms as signs of serious
illness in the absence of
evidence of such illnesses.
Hypochondriasis
The view that people genetically
predisposed to a mental disorder
will tend to exhibit that disorder
when particularly affected by
stress.
Diathesis-Stress
The cessation of menstruation
that typically occurs in the early
fifties
Menopause
Measure of people’s mental
aptitude in comparison to a
standardized group of others
Intelligence Test
Part of a hypnotized person’s
consciousness that remains
aware of happenings even under
hypnosis.
Hidden Observer
Wide band of neural fibers that
link the right and left
hemispheres
Corpus Callosum
Measure of retention in which the
person may remember, with few
retrieval cues, information
learned earlier, declines with age
Recall
Tendency for distributed practice
to yield better long-term retention
than massed practice, or
cramming
Spacing Effect
Learning that occurs in the
absence of reinforcement but
only becomes apparent when
there is an incentive to
demonstrate it
Latent Learning
A person can think of things only
in terms of their usual functions,
lacks novelty
Functional Fixedness
Amplified recording of the waves
of electrical activity of the brain
Electroencehalogram (EEG)
Our tendency to underestimate
the impact of a situation and
overestimate the impact of
personal dispositions upon the
behaviors of OTHERS
Fundamental Attribution Error
Any physical or verbal behavior
intended to hurt/destroy
Aggression
The process by which certain
animals form attachments early
in life, usually during a limited
critical period
Imprinting
Tendency for people to cling to a
particular belief, even after the
information that led to the
formation of the belief is
discredited
Belief Persevrence
The view that abnormal behavior
has a biological, chemical, or
physiological basis
Biological Model/Medical Model
Provides a widely used system of
classifying psychological
disorders based on statistical
information. Does not include
methods for treatment
DSM V (Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual)
Therapy that focuses on teaching
people more adaptive ways to
think and act. Based on the idea
that our feelings and responses
to events are strongly influenced
by our thinking.
Cognitive Therapy
A humanistic therapy developed by Fritz
Perls that combines humanistic emphasis
with psychoanalysis to help people
become more aware of their present
feelings.
Gestalt Therapy
An Obsessive-Compulsive type
disorder in which a person
becomes so preoccupied with
his/her imagined ugliness that
normal life is impossible.
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
A personality disorder in which the person
is unable to make choices and decisions
independently and cannot tolerate being
alone.
Dependent Personality Disorder
A childhood disorder
characterized by inattention,
impulsiveness, and hyperactivity
Attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder/ADHD
Considered to be the neural
basis for observational
learning.
Mirror Neurons
A personality disorder in which
the person has an exaggerated
sense of self-importance and
needs constant admiration.
Narcissism
A person with low intelligence
score, but possesses one
exceptional ability
Savant Syndrome
Sudden, often novel realization of
the solution to a problem
Insight
The perception introduced by
Rotter that to a great extent one
controls their own destiny
Internal Locus of Control
The operant procedure of
reinforcing a response
intermittently. This type of
reinforcement is much less likely
to lead to extinction.
Partial Reinforcement
Studying the bumps on one’s
skull
Phrenology
Sex chromosome found only
in men.
Y chromosome
No longer afraid of dogs like she was as a
child, 10 years after being attacked, Sally
sees a dog like the one that bit her and
she suddenly screams and runs in fright,
even though the dog is not threatening.
What is Sally experiencing?
Spontaneous Recovery
The disruptive effect of
something you already learned in
the past on your efforts to recall
new information.
Proactive Interference