Transcript Personality Chapter 3x

Chapter 3
Models of Personality Psychology
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Models
• Models = paradigms – frameworks – how we
think of things
• What is known; what is believed; how will
abnormality be studied
• Middle Ages – demonological model – evil
• Modern period – spectrum – what is
emphasized
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Modern Models
• Biological – all is physical
• Psychodynamic – all based on unconscious
conflict
• Behavioral – all based on learning
• Cognitive – all based on thinking – then act
• Humanist (existential) – values as people; who
am I
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Modern Models
• Sociocultural – shaping by society
• > family-social perspective
• > multicultural perspective
• No one system perfect
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Biological Model
• Very medical
• Brain is organ – made of cells – injury, dz,
aging
• Brain localized – some regions associated w
certain capacities (emotional or behavioral
issues)
• Basal ganglia – movement, planning
movement
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Biological Model
• Limbic system – includes hippocampus,
amygdala > emotions, memory
• Amygdala – especially rage
• Localization means pathology in specific areas
has specific results – Huntington’s dz = genetic
dz of basal ganglia & cortex – odd mvmts,
tremors, dementia, psychotic behaviors
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Biological Model
• Neurochemistry
• Work by electrochemical action
• Receptors – places that allow a specific
neurotransmitter to bind
• Depression linked to serotonin &
norepinephrine
• Hormones – produced by endocrine glands;
regulate physiology, esp growth
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Biological Model
• Stress > adrenal glands > cortisol > flight or
fight
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Brain & abnormality
Basic origins = genetics, evolution, pathology
Genetics
Humans – 23 pairs of chromosomes – (1 extra
> Down’s syndrome)
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Genetics
• Chromosomes have genes
• Genes – genetic makeup – DNA – if/how
certain traits show
• – appearance, propensity to dz, maybe IQ,
maybe other mental issues (schizophrenia)
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Evolution
• A trait may be kept through generations –
why?
• Might have helped at one time ?
• Mutation – genetic accident – may/may not
be passed on – gap teeth, albinism
• What about beh – aggression, fear, love
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Pathogens
• Viruses, bacteria, parasites, poisons
• Dz – dangerous in pregnant women,
newborns
• Viruses – possible link to schizophrenia,
anxiety, depression
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Biological Treatments
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Pharma – psychotropic medications
Meds ^ (change) sx
Meds ^ psychiatry
Help & hurt
side-effects
Overprescribed
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Biological Tx
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Antianxiety meds – tranquilizers, anxiolytics
Antidepressants
Mood stabilizers – bipolar disorder
Antipsychotics – work on key features
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) – depression
Psychosurgery – versions of lobotomy – (not
neurosurgery)
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Evaluating These Tx
• Popular in psychiatry
• Side-effects
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Psychodynamic Model
• Oldest theory
• Dynamic = forces ^, interact
• Deterministic – everything happens for a
reason, no accidents
• Began with Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) &
colleagues
• Talking cure
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Psychodynamic Model
• Reveal unc drives, conflicts
• Psychoanalysis – Freud & others influenced world
culture
• Unc – well below consciousness
• Unc has personality structures
• Id – primitive, baby-like – operates on pleasure
principle > no delay of gratification, unreasonable
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Psychodynamic Model
• Id – lives on libido – sexual energy
• Ego – from Id – tries to balance out Id,
superego & society – operates on reality
principle – be reasonable, appropriate
• Ego has defense mechanisms – needs them to
function, but not all effective
• Superego – from Id – absorbs social values –
family, community – judges – strict morals
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Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
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Oral 0-1yr old
Anal 1-3 yrs
Phallic 3-5 yrs
Latency 5-12
Genital 12- puberty
Fixation – too much/too little gratification
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Divisions
• Freud fell out with colleagues
• Ego theorists –stress ego function, stronger
than Id & Superego > Freud disagreed
• Self theorists – self is unified
• Object Relations theorists – find template for
good relationship
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Psychodynamic Therapies
• Talk > interpretation > realization > catharsis
(release)
• Methods
• Free association
• Interpretation
• > leads to insight
• > may interpret dreams
• > resistance
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Psychodynamic Therapies
• Process
• > transference – treat the therapist like a
significant person
• Catharsis – a breakthrough – work it out –
coping
• Some short-term therapies – object relations
• Relational psychodynamic therapy > therapist
discloses, becomes close to pt
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Evaluation of Psychodynamic Therapy
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Major impact
People understand conflict, stress
Criticism – hard to research
Intellectual exercise ?
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Behavioral Model
• Behaviors learned
• Classical conditioning – associations w
rewards
• Operant conditioning – manipulate
environment for rewards
• Modeling
• People develop strategies – learning what
works – families, etc
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Behavioral Therapies
• Learn/relearn what will work
• Phobias – systematic desensitization – pt gets
closer to what frightens – fear hierarchy –
exposure + relaxation exercises
• Evaluation of Beh Model
• Popular
• Helpful techniques – conditioning in schools,
prisons, mental hospitals
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Evaluation, cont
• Experimental support – results
• Bandura – modeling – self-efficacy
encouraged in pts – they can be successful
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Cognitive Model
• What someone thinks/perceives influences
how they feel
• > how they feel influences how they
behave/react
• 1960s – Beck, Ellis pioneered this
• What’s abnormal – pt problems are wrong
assumptions ~ overgeneralization, bad
attitudes
• Therapy – behavioral-oriented - CBT
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Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
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^ thinking
^ emotion
= better behavior
Homework, rehearsals, journals
Strong research support
Empirically-validated treatments
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Humanist-Existential Model
• Carl Rogers developed this in 1940s/50s; A.
Maslow
• Alternative to psychoanalysis
• Based on values: goodness, freedom, love, etc
• Goal is self-actualization
• Client-centered therapy = Rogerian therapy
• People not leading authentic lives
• How they view themselves may differ from reality
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Rogers’s Approach
• Therapist must show unconditional positive
regard
• Accurate empathy – understanding +
sympathy
• Genuineness
• > accepts client
• > listens
• > restates what client says
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Rogers
• Popular
• Harmless
• How to research it ? > problem
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Humanist-Existential
• Others
• Gestalt therapy – 1950s - goal is selfacceptance
• Technique – games, role-play, rules
• Few practitioners > hard to research
• Spiritual therapy
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Evaluating Humanist Theory
• Positive – optimistic – serenity prayer
• Little evidence
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Sociocultural Models
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Family Model – there are various systems
What is going on?
Social labels & roles
Networks
Family structure & communications
Therapy – group therapy, family therapy or
couples therapy
• Model popular w/ social workers
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Sociocultural Models
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Multicultural Model – difference
Culturally-sensitive therapy
Gender-sensitive therapy
Feminist therapy
EVALUATING SOCIO MODELS
It is ethical to consider culture
Training available
Does not est cause, not explain many forms of MI
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How Do Psychologists Handle the
Theories ?
• Integration
• Eclectic – mix & match
• Biopsychosocial model – consider pt’s phys
health, mental health & lifestyle
• > diathesis-stress model – how prone to stress
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