Transcript Behavioral - Everett Public Schools

Some Commonly Held Opinions
• Each of the following statements represents a commonly held
opinion. You will probably agree with some and disagree with others.
Read each statement carefully; then, using the scale below, please
indicate the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement.
• 0 = disagree strongly
• 1 = disagree somewhat
• 2 = disagree slightly
• 3 = agree slightly
• 4 = agree somewhat
• 5 = agree strongly
Some Commonly Held Opinions
1. Most people have an accurate understanding of
the reasons for their own behavior.
2. Most people are consistent from situation to
situation in the way they react to things.
3. Heredity plays the major role in determining IQ.
4. Great accomplishments in life, like those of
great authors and painters, are usually motivated
by unconscious forces.
5. A person who was shy as a child will also tend
to be shy as an adult.
Some Commonly Held Opinions
6. Differences in male and female behavior are more the
result of socialization than biology.
7. People typically have a good sense of their own
strengths and weaknesses.
8. People's values and attitudes remain pretty much the
same throughout their lives.
9. Psychological disorders are primarily the result of
biological factors, such as brain abnormality or genetic
predisposition.
10. Most people have an inaccurate self-concept, tending
to see themselves either too favorably or too unfavorably.
Some Commonly Held Opinions
11. Knowing that a person behaved honestly in one
situation tells you little about whether he or she will
behave honestly in a different situation.
12. Aggression is part of human nature and thus will
always be part of social life.
13. Most people make major life decisions logically
and rationally.
14. A troubled adolescent is likely to be a troubled
adult.
15. The basic causes of people's behavior can be
traced to their past experiences.
Scoring:
Items 1, 4, 7, 10, and 13 represent the
“rationality vs. irrationality scale; to
calculate:
• Reverse the scores you gave 4 and 10 (0=5, 1=4, 2=3, 3=2, 4=1,
5=0) and then add numbers for all 5 items
Scores can range from 0 to 25 with HIGHER
SCORES suggesting a stronger belief in
RATIONALITY
Scoring:
Items 2, 5, 8, 11, and 14 represent the
“stability vs. change scale; to calculate:
• Reverse your score for 11 and then add numbers for all 5
items
Scores can range from 0 to 25 with HIGHER
SCORES suggesting a stronger belief in
Stability of behavior across time and
situation
Scoring:
Items 3,6,9,12, and 15 represent the
“nature-nurture” issue; to calculate:
• Reverse the scores you gave 6 and 15 then add numbers
for all 5 items
Scores can range from 0 to 25 with
HIGHER SCORES suggesting a stronger
belief in the role of Nature (genetics)
across time and situation
Is Human Nature Fixed or Changeable?
• Using the scale below, please indicate the extent to which you agree
•
•
•
•
•
•
or disagree with each of the following statements.
1 = strongly agree
2 = agree
3 = mostly agree
4 = mostly disagree
5 = disagree
6 = strongly disagree
Is Human Nature Fixed or Changeable?
1. The kind of person someone is, is something very basic and can't be
changed very much.
2. People can do things differently, but the important parts of who they are
can't really be changed.
3. Everyone, no matter who the person is, can significantly change his or
her basic characteristics.
4. As much as I hate to admit it, you can't teach an old dog new tricks.
People can't really change their deepest attributes.
5. People can substantially change who they are.
6. Everyone is a certain kind of person, and there is not much that can be
done to really change that.
7. No matter what kind of person someone is, he or she can always
change significantly.
8. All people can change their most basic qualities.
Some strategies
• Things I’m looking for this period…
• A notebook for your reading and class notes
• Materials out and ready for class
• http://coe.jmu.edu/LearningToolbox/notetaking.html
PSYCHOLOGY…
…a long past
but a short history.
Prologue: Psychology’s Roots
Prescientific Psychology
 Is the mind connected to the body or are
they separate?
 Are ideas inborn or is the mind a blank
slate filled by experience?
Prologue: Psychology’s Roots
 Psychological Science Is Born
 Wilhelm Wundt opened the
first psychology laboratory
at the University of Leipzig
 (Europe c. 1879)
Wilhelm Wundt 1832 - 1920
Prologue: Psychology’s Roots
Psychological Science Is Born
Empiricism
 Knowledge comes from experience via
the senses
 Science flourishes through observation
and experiment
Prologue: Psychology’s Roots
Psychological Science Is Born
• New science (1879) created from application
of physiology/biology to age-old questions of
philosophy
Prologue: Psychology’s Roots
Definition of Psychology
The science of behavior (what we do)
and mental processes (sensations,
perceptions, dreams, thoughts, beliefs,
and feelings)
Prologue: Psychology’s Roots
Structuralism
used introspection
(looking in) to explore
the elemental
structure of the
human mind
 Inherent problems
 Unreliable
 Non-verifiable
Prologue: Psychology’s Roots
Functionalism
 focused on how
behavioral processes
function
 how they enable an
organism to
 adapt
 survive
 flourish
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
SW6nm69Z_IE
William James 1842 - 1910
The Evolution of Psychology
• Up to 1920s
• “science of mental processes”
• 1920s-1960s
• “science of observable behavior”
• 1960s-present
• “science of behavior and mental
processes”
Key Issues that drive modern psychology
• Stability vs. Change
• Do our individual traits persist as we age?
• Do we become older versions of our younger
selves?
• Do we change and if so, how? Why?
• Is it up to us or is it out of our control?
• Rationality vs. Irrationality
• How much of our perceptions of the world around
us are accurate?
• How do we make the rational into the irrational
(affected or altered by our own minds)
Key Issues that drive modern psychology
• Nature vs. Nurture
(the biggest and most persistent)
• The relative contribution that genes and
experience make to development of
psychological traits and behaviors
• How are differences in intelligence, personality and
psychological disorders influenced by heredity and
environment?
• How are humans alike (because of common biology) and
different (because of their different environments)?
Key Issues that drive modern psychology
• Nature vs. Nurture (the biggest and most persistent)
 Natural selection
 principle that those inherited trait variations
contributing to survival will most likely be
passed on to succeeding generations
Perspectives in Psychology
Perspectives in Psychology: Anger
Perspectives in Psychology
• Neuroscience perspective
• Study the brain circuits that produce physical
state of red in the face and hot under the collar
• Evolutionary perspective
• Study how anger facilitated survival or genes
• Behavior genetics perspective
• Study how heredity and experience influence
our individual differences in temperament
• Psychodynamic perspective
• How are outbursts an outlet for unconscious
hostility or frustration?
Perspectives in Psychology
• Behavioral perspective
• Study facial expressions and body gestures that
accompany anger, or study which external
stimuli might result in angry responses
• Cognitive perspective
• How does our interpretation of a situation affect
our response (anger) and how does our
response affect our interpretation
• Social-cultural perspective
• Which kinds of situations produce anger and
how does anger vary across cultures
Behavioral – early 1900s
• Behavior controlled by events in the
environment
• Investigated observable behavior
• Ivan Pavlov
• Pavlov’s Dog
• John Watson
• Little Albert
• B.F. Skinner
• Operant Conditioning Chamber (Skinner Box)
• Operant vs. Classical conditioning
Psychodynamic – early 1900s
• Behavior controlled by unconscious
fears, drives, and conflicts
• Sigmund Freud
• personality developed through unconscious
experiences: id, ego, superego
Humanistic – 1950s
• Behavior controlled by internal growth and
self-concept
• Abraham Maslow
• Hierarchy of Needs
• Carl Rogers
• Unconditional Positive Regard
• Behaviors evolve and are self-directed (free
will)
Humanistic – 1950s
Cognitive – 1960s
• Behavior product of learning
• Jean Piaget
• Noam Chomsky
• How we learn (process, store, retrieve, and
use information)
• How learning influences our behavior
Neuroscience – most modern
• Behavior controlled by neurological
functions
• Roger Sperry
• Biological interactions of the body and mind
(brain and CNS)
Social-Cultural
• Behavior product of societal influences
• Solomon Asch
• how behavior and thinking vary across
situations and cultures
Evolutionary – newest perspective
• Behavior product of genetics
• (inherited traits)
• Charles Darwin
• Natural selection of traits promotes
perpetuation of genes
Perspectives Hand Mnemonic
Behavioral
Cognitive
Neuroscience
Socio-Cultural
Humanistic
Psycho-dynamic
Evolutionary
Psychological Perspectives
• Crash Course
• Worksheet: 7 Perspectives
1. Evolutionary
2. Behavior genetics
3. Neuroscience
4. Psychodynamic
5. Cognitive
6. Social-cultural
7. Behavioral
8. Humanistic
Psychological Perspectives: The Scientific Approach
• God is dead
• The best things in life are free
• Shakespeare’s Richard III is a better play than Romeo and
•
•
•
•
•
Juliet
Abortion is wrong
The mind is like a computer
Attitudes affect cancer
Pornography is harmful
2+2=4
How might you establish the validity (legitimacy, authority) of
each statement?
Have you had any classes that might have addressed these
issues?
Psychological Perspectives: What’s the point
• What is the purpose of Psychology?
• Just to “Know More”?
• What does that get us?
• Is it to make us better people?
• Issues can be identified and addressed, thereby “fixing” the
individual?
• Is it so we “get along” better?
• If everyone acts in a “normal” way, AND if we know WHY people
who don’t act in a normal way act the way they do, we can build a
better society
Psychological Perspectives: What’s the point
• What is the purpose of Psychology?
• As we delve into the workings of the mind, consider
YOUR own motivations and intentions:
• WHY do you want to know this stuff?
• Why do we teach this stuff (or anything for that matter)?
Perspectives Practice
• Peter has some emotional problems and is acting out in
school. His teacher notices that – while bright- he lacks
self-esteem. He is left alone at home and is not eating
properly. She found out recently that he is also homeless.
She believes that with time and help, he can reach his full
potential.
• What perspective might she use to explain or deal with his
behavior?
Perspectives Practice
• Peter has some emotional problems and is acting out in
school. After he begins taking medication, he begins to
slow down and focus on his work. He seems to be doing
better, but his mood is “off” and he is not his “happy-golucky” self.
• What perspective might she use to explain or deal with his
behavior?
Perspectives Practice
• Peter has some emotional problems and is acting out in
school. Upon doing some test, they discover that he
excels in visual learning and visual learning cues, while
textual cues seem to be a problem. They also learn he
may have dyslexia.
• What perspective might she use to explain or deal with his
behavior?
Perspectives Practice
• Peter has some emotional problems and is acting out in
school. After further investigation into his past, we
discover that both his father and grandfather suffered from
aggressive tendencies – including Oppositional Defiant
Disorder – and had not received help for their illness.
• What perspective might she use to explain or deal with his
behavior?
• Beth
(1:43)
Psychology Perspectives
• Death Penalty – For or Against?
• The Andrea Yates Story: 60 minutes
• Forensic Psychiatrist Analysis