Transcript 20131023141415x

Animal
Behavior
Chapter 39
Behavior (Ethology)
• Action carried out by muscles or glands
under control of the nervous system in
response to a stimulus
• Helps to acquire nutrients for digestion
and find a partner for sexual reproduction
• Contributes to homeostasis (ex bees
huddling to provide warmth)
• Behaviorphysiologybehavior
• Subject to natural selection
Ethology
• Scientific study of animal behavior
• Niko Tinbergen-4 questions
– What stimulus elicits behavior
and what physiology forms
response?
– How does experience affect it?
– How does it aid in survival and
rep?
– What is its evolutionary history?
Proximate/Ultimate
causation
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What is the mechanism?
Why is it good for species?
Ex. Bluegill
Ex. Red crowned cranes
Fixed Action Pattern
• Type of behavior directly
linked to simple stimulustrigger called sign
stimulus
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vUNZ
v-ByPkU
Oriented Movement
• Kinesis-change in activity or turning rate
• Taxis-movement toward or away from a
stimulus
Migration-regular, long
distance change in location
Heads have bits of magnetite –so Earth’s
magnetic field pulls on them
Photoreceptors are affected by magnetic
field
Behavioral Rhythms
• Circadian Clock-24 hour cycle
• Circannual rhythms-yearly cycle
• Usually controlled by periods of
daylight and dark
• But some-lunar cycle
Signals and communication
• Visual
• Chemical
• Tactile
• Auditory
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zXXq
Q2zJVMA
Bee Dance
Round and Waggle
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vaszh
2bY3mc
Pheromones
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Chemicals
Short distance
Queen Bee
Warning
Innate Behavior
• Developmentally fixed
Learned behavior
• Habituation-loss of
responsiveness to stimuli that
carries little new info
Imprinting
• Long lasting response to individual or
object-occurs during sensitive period
• Konrad Lorenz
Spatial Learning
• Memory that reflects environmentTinbergen
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EXLig
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Cognitive Maps
• Representation in nervous system of the
spatial relationships in surroundings
• Ex. Nutcracker
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HIJVY
WvMBis
Associative learning
• Associate one feature with another
• Ex. Mouse bites distasteful caterpillarwon’t attack those of similar color
Classical Conditioning
• Arbitrary stimulus becomes associated
with a particular outcome
• Pavlov’s dogs
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CpoLx
EN54ho
Operant conditioning-Trial
and Error
Cognition and Problem
Solving
• Devise a method to go from one state to
another and deal with obstacles
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EZSk
7oCNaHg
Learned behaviors
• Singing in birds-may have to hear songs
during sensitive period
• Humpback whales
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bAqZ
pAf0-lc
Nature or Nurture?
Foraging Behavior
• Optimal foraging behavior
Mating behavior
• Promiscuous
• Monogamous
• Polygamous
– Polyandry
– Polygyny
Agonistic interaction
Sexual Dimorphism
Inclusive Fitness
• Altruism
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