Transcript Jean Piaget - WordPress.com

Cognitive & Behaviorist
By: E. Leticia Cerda
Jean Piaget
August 9, 1896 – September 16, 1980
A Little about where he came from:
He was born in Neuchâtel (Switzerland).
He died in Geneva on September 16,
1980. He was the oldest child of Arthur
Piaget, professor of medieval literature
at the University, and of Rebecca
Jackson. At age 11, while he was a pupil
at Neuchâtel Latin high school, he wrote
a short notice on an albino sparrow. This
short paper is generally considered as
the start of a brilliant scientific career
made of over sixty books and several
hundred articles.
After high school
graduation, he
studied natural
sciences at the
University of
Neuchâtel where
he obtained a
Ph.D.
During this
period, he
published two
philosophical
essays which he
considered as
"adolescence
work" but were
important for the
general
orientation of his
thinking.
Later, in 1921,
Sir Edouard
Claparede and
Pierre Bovet
named Piaget
director of
studies at the
Jean Jacques
Rousseau
Institute in
Genevea.
By 1923, Piaget married Valentine Chatenay, who l birth to three children later gave birth
to three children named Jacqueline, Lucienne, and Laurent. Their delopment from birth
was intently studied by their father.
What did he do?
He was very successful and held many chairs in multiple organizations including
"psychology, sociology and history of science at Neuchatel from 1925 to 1929;
history of scientific thinking at Geneva from 1929 to 1939; the International
Bureau of Education from 1929 to 1967; psychology and sociology at Lausanna
from 1938 to 1951; sociology at Geneva from 1939 to 1952, then genetic and
experiment psychology from 1940 to 1971." Piaget "was reportedly the only
Swiss to be invited at the Sorbonne from 1952 to 1963. In 1955, he created and
directed until his death the International Center for Genetic Epistemology."
Stages of Cognitive Development
*The stages of cognitive development are what guide
educators in the understanding of how children learn.
The four stages in cognitive development are:
1. Sensorimoter is the first. This stage begins at birth and continues to two years of age. The
child is very exploratory in this stage, repeatedly placing things in their mouth, shaking
objects, and using their senses and motor skills to discover new objects.
2. Pre-Operational and occurs from two to six years of age. The child is very egocentric in
this stage, thinking that the world revolves around them. The child also uses symbols
such as imitation, language, and art to represent experiences.
3. Concrete Operational and occurs from six to eleven years of age. In this stage, the child’s
views of egocentrism go away and logical and systematic thinking skills develop. The child
is also able to tell the difference between reality and pretend, and tend to pay more
attention to how things change, especially in the conservation areas of number, length,
liquid, mass, weight, area, and volume.
4. Formal Operational and occurs from eleven to adulthood, although in some people this
stage may never develop. Intelligence is shown by the reasonable use of symbols and
relating these symbols to concepts that are abstract. The person begins to think critically
and logically and hypothesize events. The person hypothesizes possibilities that may
happen in the future and not just in the present.
*These stages help educators to take a look at what is going inside the minds of
children at specific age groups. Incorporating these stages helps educators plan
appropriate activities for certain age groups so that they will stimulate and challenge
children without overloading them with knowledge beyond their development stage.
Books he published:
He published a lot of texts during his lifetime. This included over 50 books and 500 papers,
and exactly 37 volumes in a series called "Etudes d’Epistemologie Genetique"(Studies in
Genetic Epistemology). Piaget’s books are all very interesting, important, unique, and
credible. Those who have studied and read Piaget’s books single out The Moral Judgment
of the Child, one of Piaget’s first five books, The psychology of Intelligence, The
Construction of Reality in the Child, based on the observation of his own children, The
Growth of Logical Thinking from Childhood to Adolescence, The Psychology of the Child,
and Insights and Illusions of Philosophy.
Piaget's Understanding of Knowledge
His accomplishments derived from how he understood the way that knowledge
developed and from working with children. He would play, question, study, and talk with
his own children and with others to try to understand the way that their knowledge
processed. As he continued to work, he was able to come up with a hard copy for typical
development of the cognitive mind in children.
At the end all his information was uutstanding and credited of how simple they were, and
compared to how deep his thoughts were, and how they endured the ultimate "test of
time."
Behaviorist
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
1849-1936
Background of Ivan Pavlov
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According to Mindy Lautenheiser “Ivan Petrovich
Pavlov was born on September 14, 1849, at Ryazan,
Russia.
Because he was born into a large family, poverty was
always an issue. His father, Peter Dmitrievich Pavlov
was the village priest and young Ivan tended to the
church property. Pavlov inherited many of his father’s
characteristics including a strong will to succeed”.
Ivan was the oldest sibling and was also the healthiest.
Pavlov was educated to enter priesthood but elected to
be a scientist. In 1881, Pavlov married Seraphima
(Sara) Vasilievna Karchevskaya, a teacher, the
daughter of a doctor in the Black Sea fleet. She had
one miscarriage which was said to be due to her having
to run after her very fast- walking husband.
They had a son, Wirchik, who died very suddenly as a
child; three sons, Vladimir, Victor, and Vsevolod, on e of
whom was a well- known physicist and professor of
physics at Leningrad in 1925, and a daughter, Vera. Dr.
Pavlov died in Leningrad on February 27, 1936.
Education
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1870: Leaving his religious career, Pavlov
enrolled to take a natural science course at
the University of St. Petersburg.
1875: Graduated from the University of St.
Petersburg and took an assistantship from
Cyon in his laboratory at the MilitaryMedical Academy; received the degree of
Candidate of Natural Sciences
Summer of 1877 : He spent time in
Physiological Laboratory of Professor R.
Heidenhain at Breslau
1879: Graduated from the Military-Medical
Academy
1879: Completed third course of study at
the Academy of Medical Surgery; awarded
his first gold medal
Major Theories
•
Pavlov began experiments with dogs
that proved their reflexes could be
conditioned by external stimuli. He
would condition the dogs by the
ringing of a bell at feeding time.
These dogs would salivate upon
hearing the bell, whether or not food
was present. This is what he called
Classical Conditioning.
Ivan’s Beliefs
• ' Only one thing in life
is of actual interest to us
- our physical experience.
Its mechanism, however,
has been, and remains,
wrapped in a deep mystery '
Terms
• Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) - stimulus that causes
a natural response.
• Unconditioned response (UCR) - natural inbuilt
reflex to a stimulus.
• Conditioned stimulus (CS) - a stimulus that causes a
natural learned response due to association with a
previous inbuilt response.
• Conditioned response (CR) - a natural learned reflex
to a stimulus due to association with another
inbuilt response.
Stimulus and Response
• “The site or smell of
food (the
unconditioned
stimulus)
causes the dog to
salivate (the
unconditioned
response)”.
•
Ordinary Neural Stimulus
• “Ordinarily a neural
stimulus, such as a bell
ring does not cause the dog
to salivate.
There is no response to
food, only to a sound
where the dog may move
it's ears”.
•
Conditioned Response
• “We can condition the
dog to respond to the
tone.
We ring the bell and
immediately follow it
with food.
This should be
repeated several
times”.
•
The Dog Will Salivate
• “Eventually, the dog
will salivate
(conditioned response)
at the sound of the bell
alone (the conditioned
stimulus).
The dog has associated
the tone with food”.
Pavlov Institute of Physiology
• Pavlov Institute was founded in 1925. He
was the first Nobel prize winner in
theoretical medicine. He investigated
problems of physiology, pathology, and
genetics of the nervous activity, his
investigations were on animals and humans
higher nervous activity. The Pavlov Institute
of Physiology of the Russian Academy of
Science is the largest physiological
institution of the country.