Transcript Noorudean tohmeh

Behavioral Psychology:
Learning and Human
Nurture
Noorudean Tohmeh - 201101538
Mazen Hasan - 201100103
Ahmad Al- Katat - 201101944
Mohammed Al-Ghamdi - 201000440
Introduction
O Behavioral Psychology: One of the six
perspectives, which emerged in the early
twentieth century as a reaction to Cognitive
Psychology.
O The behavioral perspective completely throws
the mind out of the equation and considers only
visible actions a part of psychology.
Big Names
O Throughout the course of this presentation we will
be mentioning the names of a few significant
figures in the field of behavioral psychology.
John B. Watson
O An American psychologist who
established the psychological
school of behaviorism.
O Through his behaviorist approach,
Watson conducted research on
animal behavior, child rearing, and
advertising. In addition, he
conducted the controversial "Little
Albert" experiment.
Burrhus F. Skinner
O American psychologist, behaviorist,
author, inventor, and social
philosopher.
O Skinner invented the operant
conditioning chamber, innovated his
own philosophy of science
called radical behaviorism, and
founded his own school of
experimental research psychology.
Introduction
O According to John Watson, Nurture trumps nature.
What that means is that nurture has much more
effect over behavior.
O Behaviorists only consider psychology a science if
it completely ignored the subjective mental
processes that go on in our minds, because you
cannot study them scientifically. However, you can
observe and record behavior.
Classical Conditioning
O Classical Conditioning: Is a form of behavioral
learning in which previously neutral stimulus
acquires the power to elicit the same innate reflex
produced by another stimulus.
Noorudean tohmeh
Pavlov’s Dog
Noorudean tohmeh
Stimulus Generalization
O Stimulus generalization is the tendency for
the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar
responses after the response has been
conditioned.
O Example: A child who’s afraid of a stuffed white
rabbit, will most likely be afraid of a stuffed white
rat.
O This was proved in the “Little Albert” experiment.
Stimulus Discrimination
O Stimulus discrimination is the tendency to
discriminate or differentiate between similar
stimuli.
O Example: Saying an inappropriate joke to a
friend, rather than your grandfather.
Noorudean tohmeh
A Challenge to Pavlov
O The concept of “Biological Predisposition” is
obvious in most of us. Having certain tastes is
simply wired in us, rather than conditioned.
O Example: Not liking a certain food has more to do
with your NATURE than your NURTURE.
Noorudean tohmeh
Why This Matters
O We can use classical conditioning for good
reasons.
O Fearing poisonous plants and foods has been
conditioned in human beings since ancient
times.
Noorudean tohmeh
Continuous vs intermittent
reinforcement
O Continuous reinforcement is used when you
want to teach an animal or a person a new
skill
O Intermittent is used to prevent extinction of
the skill tought
Mohammed AlGhamdi
Reinforcement and
punishment
O Reinforcement increases the probability of a
chosen behavior to occur again
O Punishment decreases the probability of a
chosen behavior to occur again
Mohammed AlGhamdi
Proper uses of punishments
O Punishments should be swift
O Punishments should be certain
O Punishments shouldn’t give mixed
messages to the punished person
O The most effective punishment is negative
punishment
Mohammed AlGhamdi
Using psychology to learn
psychology
O Reinforcing tedious activities with enjoyable
ones will increase the positive mentality
towards the tedious activity
Mohammed AlGhamdi
Social learning or
observational learning
O This theory discussed the human learning that
takes place as individuals abstract information
from observing the behavior of others.
O Bandura based his theory on the acquisition of
complex behaviors on a triangular diagram
illustrating the interactive effect of various
factors.
Ahmed Alkatat
Effects of media violence
O Media effects theories in modern times
originated with Bandura's social learning theory.
O The theory suggests that children may learn
aggression from viewing others.
Ahmed Alkatat
Observational learning
applied to social problems
O Television is one of the most powerful
sources of observational learning.
O Psychological theory and research can
make a significant difference in people’s
lives.
Ahmed Alkatat
Insight learning
O Kohler experiments
O Kohler observation
O Insight learning
Mazen hasan
Cognitive Map
O Mental images– Not behaviors
O Learning without reinforcement
O The significance of Tolman’s work
Mazen hasan
O Does punishment ever work
O Can anxiety towards exams be
cured?
Thank you for listening
O Feel free to ask questions