Transcript Type of Aggression

Topic10
AGGRESSION
• Any form of behavior that is
intended to harm or injure some
person, oneself, or an object.
1
Type of Aggression
• Indirect Aggression
– Behavior intended to hurt someone without face-toface confrontation
• Direct Aggression
– Behavior intended to hurt someone to his or her face
• Emotional Aggression
– Hurtful behavior that stems from angry feelings
• Instrumental Aggression
– Hurting another to accomplish some other goal
(nonaggressive)
Type of
Aggression
Definition
Indirect
Aggression
Attempt to
hurt
another
without
obvious
face-to-face
conflict
Example
Spreading a
rumor that
your exboyfriend is
a drugs
addict
Type of
Aggression
Direct
Aggression
Definition
Behavior
intended to
hurt
someone
“to his or
her face”
Example
A football
player
punches
another
player
Type of
Aggression
Emotional
Aggression
Definition
Hurtful
behavior
that stems
from angry
feelings
Example
A child
throws a
temper
tantrum
after mom
refuses to
buy candy
Type of
Aggression
Instrumental
Aggression
Definition
Example
Hurting
another to
accomplish
another
(nonaggressive)
goal
A mother
spanks a
child to
discourage
him from
repeating a
tantrum
Aggression & Violence
• Aggression may lead to violence
• Forsyth (1995) listed forms of aggression
cum violence
– Criminal violence
– Sexual assault
– Domestic violence
– Adolescent violence
– Collective violence
Criminal Violence
• Actions that injure people
• Against the law
• E.g. physical attack, excessive physical
attack, murder attempt and murder
Sexual assault
• Rape, rape attempt and other sexual
assault
Domestic violence
Violence at home
 Penderaan anak, isteri dan ibu bapa
 Physical, emotional and sexual

Adolescent Violence
• By the adolescent and early adults
• Rape, attacking teachers, fights among
adolescent and vandalism.
Collective Violence
•
•
•
•
Gangsters and gangs
Not individuals, but group-based violence
Terrorists
E.g. Mafia, IRA, JRA
Therotical Approach
• Psychoanalytic
• Evolutionary
• Social learning
Psychoanalytic Theory of
Aggression
• Freud hypothesized that aggressive behavior is
principally the result of an innate biological
motives:
– Eros (naluri hidup)
– Thanatos (naluri maut)
• Eros – innate drives for physical pleasure e.g.
sexual
• Thanatos – innate drives leading to destruction
and violence
• The inborn destructive tendency creates a drive
state that must somehow be reduced
• The person therefore engages in aggressive
behavior that serves to satisfy and temporarily
eliminate the uncomfortable drive state
• Aggression resulting from the death instinct may
be directed inward or outward
– Inward-directed aggression – lead to feelings or
worthlessness and depression, probably suicide
– Outward-directed aggression – lead to hostility toward
others
Evolutionary Basis
• Survival instinct
• The roots of human aggression lie in the
defensive aggression seen in many animal
spesies (Albert et al., 1993; Rushton, 1988)
– Ethologist, Konrad Lorenz (1966) – naluri gaduh
semulajadi – instinctual – a biological basis at birth
• Humans vary in aggressiveness from such
an early point in life that psychological
factors are certainly involved (Rothbart et
al., 1994)
• Aggression increased by the use of alcohol
(Phil et al., 1997), low blood sugar levels
(Neideffer, 1977), injected male hormones
(Reinisch, 1981)
Sociobiological Perspective
• Aggression – due to the influence of
evolution process
• Again, survival for the group (Pitchapan et.
al., 1997)
• Aggression increases the probability of
survival
• But, this theory receives heavy criticism
(Ghiselin, 1976; Dickerman, 1995)
Social Learning Perspective
• Basic principles
– People learn from experience
– People thought they will be rewarded for the
aggressive behavior
– People are encouraged to be aggrassive due to
specific social condition
• Operant conditioning approach – aggression
behavior develops as the result of a pattern of
positive and negative reinforcements.
• According to Miller & Dollard (1941), all significant human
behavior is learned in particular social, cultural and historical
context
• Learning involves 4 fundamental factors
– Learning is motivated by drive
– Learning is given direction and guidance by cues
– Learning involves a response
– Learning constitutes reinforcement
• If the aggression is an acquired skill, then it can be changed
during socialization
• If the aggression is related to situational condition, then we
can adapt the condition
• Nursery school children studies (Patterson et. al.,
1967) – aggression-nonaggressive vs rewarding
experience
• Inadequate discipline at home (taking little or no
action to reduce behavior) – is associated with
higher level of aggression later in life (Travillion &
Synder, 1993)
• Research on Anglo & Hispanic men & women
show that those exposed to more violence during
childhood were more likely to be aggressive
(Harris, 1996)
• How harmful observing violence on television
Factors Influence Aggressive
• Gender Differences
– Men are more physically aggressive, but
women engage in more direct indirect
aggression
– Cultural also play a role in sex differences in
aggressive behavior. Women from Australia
and New Zealand showed greater evidence of
aggressiveness than men from Sweden and
Korea did.
21
Factors Influence Aggressive
• Personality
– 3 personality traits related to aggression
are:
• Irritability – the tendency to explode at
the slightest provocation
• Rumination – the tendency to retain
feelings of anger following provocation
• Emotional susceptibility –the
tendency to experience feelings of
discomfort and inadequacy
22
Factors Influence Aggressive
• Biological Factors
– Individual differences in
aggressiveness are partly due to
inheritance and hormonal changes
• Alcohol
– Alcohol provides a direct biochemical
stimulus to aggression
23
Factors Influence Aggressive
• Pain and Discomfort
– People who having pain and discomfort are
more likely to act aggressively
• Frustration
– Frustration-aggression theory
• People perception that they are being
prevented from attaining a goal will
increase the probability of their responding
aggressively
24
Factors Influence Aggressive
• Being provoked and reciprocating
– Aggression frequently stems from the need to
reciprocate after being provoked by
aggressive behavior from another person
• Imitation
– Children frequently learn to solve conflict
aggressively by imitating adults and their
peers.
25
Factors Influence Aggressive
• Media and Video Violence
– Children who exposed violent television
act more aggressively in their play
behavior and more likely to choose
aggressive solutions to social problems
26
Steps To Control & Prevent Aggression
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Increase penalties for violence
Reduce violence on television
Reduce children’s exposure to violence
Reduce alcohol and drug use
Reduce the availability of cues for aggression
Directly instruct youth and adults to avoid violence
Emphasize the ‘power of positive thinking’
Emphasize antiviolence norms
Establish school and community antiviolence
programs
• Reduce unemployment and stabilize employment