Transcript Classical Operant Conditioningx

The Learning Approach
2 Ways We Learn Personality:
-System of Associations, Rewards,
Punishment
-Observations of Others
“Give me a dozen healthy infants, wellformed, and my own specified world to
bring them up and I'll guarantee to take
any one at random and train him to
become any type of specialist I might
select--doctor, lawyer, merchant-chief, and
yes, even beggar-man and thief,
regardless of his talents, penchants,
tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race
of his ancestors.”
-- Watson, 1930
Behaviorists believe…
• All behavior is a response to a stimulus in the
environment.
• Everything we do is determined by the
environment we are in
– our personality is formed by the past
environments we have been exposed to.
• Internal mental processes are not important
• The process of learning is same in all species.
Behavior can be explained in two ways:
• By the stimuli that makes it
happen
• By the events that caused the
person to learn to respond to a
stimulus a certain way
Classical Conditioning
• People associate two stimuli occurring
together.
–The response one stimuli brings out is
then transferred to the other stimuli.
–Response is natural and automatic
Classical Conditioning Process
US
Unconditioned
Stimulus
(US)
Unconditioned
Response
(UR)
Neutral
Stimulus
(NS)
No Response
+
Conditioned
Stimulus
(CS)
Conditioned
Response
(CR)
Classical Conditioning
• Examples:
– Little Albert
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FMnhyGozLyE
– Pavlov’s Dog
• Another example:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nE8pFWP
5QDM
Operant Conditioning
• People learn to form new behaviors based on
consequences of their actions.
– Reinforcement & Punishment
• Positive Reinforcement: gaining something positive to promote a
behavior
• Negative Reinforcement: losing something negative to promote a
behavior
• Positive Punishment: gaining something negative to decrease a
behavior
• Negative Punishment: losing something positive to decrease a
behavior
• Examples:
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=euINCrDbbD4
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4F7pmypuB0
Classical or Operant Conditioning?
• You eat a new food and then get sick because
of the flu. However, you develop a dislike for
the food and feel nauseated whenever you
smell it.
• You check the coin return slot on a pay
telephone and find a quarter. You find yourself
checking other telephones over the next few
days.
Classical or Operant Conditioning?
• The last time Bill ate popcorn, he chipped a
tooth on a kernel, and no longer eats popcorn.
• Martin has a panic attack during a plane ride.
Now the mere thought of an airplane makes
him very nervous. Twenty years pass and
Martin is still afraid of airplanes even though
he never took another flight.
Classical or Operant Conditioning?
• You eat a new food and then get sick because
of the flu. However, you develop a dislike for
the food and feel nauseated whenever you
smell it.
– Classical Conditioning
• You check the coin return slot on a pay
telephone and find a quarter. You find yourself
checking other telephones over the next few
days.
– Operant Conditioning
Classical or Operant Conditioning?
• The last time Bill ate popcorn, he chipped a
tooth on a kernel, and no longer eats popcorn.
– Operant Conditioning
• Martin has a panic attack during a plane ride.
Now the mere thought of an airplane makes
him very nervous. Twenty years pass and
Martin is still afraid of airplanes even though
he never took another flight.
– Classical Conditioning