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Chapter 8: Motivation and Emotion Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Motivation The factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Explaining Motivation Instincts – Inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined rather than learned Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Drive Reduction Approaches When people lack some basic biological requirement such as water, a drive to obtain that requirement is produced Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Drive Reduction Approaches Drive – Motivational tension, or arousal, that energizes behavior in order to fulfill some need Primary drive – Basic drives related to biological needs of the body or the species as a whole Secondary drives – Needs are brought about by prior experience and learning Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Drive Reduction Approaches Homeostasis – A basic motivational phenomena that underlies primary drives and involves the body’s tendency to maintain a steady internal state Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Arousal Approaches: Beyond Drive Reduction Arousal Approaches to Motivation – We try to maintain a certain level of stimulation and activity, increasing or reducing them as necessary Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Incentive Approaches: Motivation’s Pull Incentive approaches to motivation – Suggests that motivation stems from the desire to obtain valued external goals, or incentives Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cognitive Approaches: The Thoughts Behind Motivation Suggest that motivation is a product of people’s thoughts, expectations, and goals Intrinsic motivation – Causes us to participate in an activity for our own enjoyment Extrinsic motivation – Causes us to do something for some concrete, tangible reward Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Maslow’s Hierarchy Self Actualization Esteem Love and Belongingness Safety Needs Physiological Needs Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Maslow’s Hierarchy Self-actualization – State of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential in their own unique way Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. The Motivation Behind Hunger and Eating Obesity – Body weight that is more than 20% above the average weight for a person of a given height Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Biological Factors in the Regulation of Hunger Hypothalamus Weight set point – The particular level of weight that the body strives to maintain Metabolism – The rate at which food is converted to energy and expended by the body as destined through heredity Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Social Factors in Eating External social factors, based on societal rules and conventions and on what we have learned about appropriate eating behavior Associations of food with comfort and consolation via classical and operant conditioning Escape from unpleasant thoughts Settling point – Determined by a combination of our genetic heritage and the nature of the environment in which we live Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Eating Disorders Anorexia nervosa – A severe eating disorder in which people may refuse to eat, while denying that their behavior and appearance are unusual Bulimia – A disorder in which a person binges on large quantities of food, and then purges Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Sexual Motivation: The Facts of Life Androgens – Male sex hormones secreted by the testes Estrogen – Female sex hormone Progesterone – Female sex hormone Ovulation – Greatest output of female sex hormone when egg is released from the ovaries Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Psychological Aspects of Sexual Excitement Erogenous zones – Areas of the body that have an unusually rich array of nerve receptors that are particularly sensitive not just to sexual touch, but to any kind of touch Erotic – External stimuli which, through a process of learning, have become sexually stimulating Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Surveying Sexual Behavior Masturbation – Sexual self-stimulation Heterosexuality – Extramarital sex – Sexual attraction and behavior directed towards the opposite sex Premarital sex – Double standard – Permissiveness with affection Marital sex Homosexuals – Persons who are sexually attracted to members of their own sex Bisexuals – Persons who are sexually attracted to people of the same and opposite sex Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. The Need for Achievement: Striving for Success Need for achievement – A stable, learned characteristic in which satisfaction is obtained by striving for and attaining a level of excellence Measuring achievement motivation – Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Needs Need for affiliation – An interest in establishing and maintaining relationships with other people Need for power – Tendency to seek impact, control, or influence over others, and to be seen as a powerful individual Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Understanding Emotional Experiences Emotions – Feelings that generally have both physiological and cognitive elements and that influence behavior Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. The Function of Emotions Preparing us for action – A link between events in our environment and our responses Shaping our future behavior – Act as reinforcement Helping us to interact more effectively with others – Act as a signal to observers, allowing them to better understand what we are experiencing and to predict our future behavior Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Truth, Lies, and Polygraph Polygraph – An electronic device designed to expose people who are telling lies Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.