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Module 25: Human Needs and Motivation Karl Weatherly/Getty Images Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. MODULE 25 Maslow’s Hierarchy Self Actualization Esteem Love and Belongingness Safety Needs Physiological Needs Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Maslow’s Hierarchy MODULE 25 Self-actualization – State of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential in their own unique way Jules Frazier/Getty Images Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. MODULE 25 The Motivation Behind Hunger and Eating Obesity – Body weight that is more than 20% above the average weight for a person of a given height PhotoDisc/Getty Images Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. MODULE 25 Biological Factors in the Regulation of Hunger Hypothalamus Weight set point – The particular level of weight that the body strives to maintain Metabolism – The rate at which food is converted to energy and expended by the body as destined through heredity Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. MODULE 25 Biological Factors in the Regulation of Hunger Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. MODULE 25 Social Factors in Eating External social factors, based on societal rules and conventions and on what we have learned about appropriate eating behavior Associations of food with comfort and consolation via classical and operant conditioning Escape from unpleasant thoughts Settling point determined by a combination of our genetic heritage and the nature of the environment in which we live Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Eating Disorders MODULE 25 Anorexia nervosa – A severe eating disorder in which people may refuse to eat, while denying that their behavior and appearance are unusual Jack Star/PhotoLink/Getty Images Bulimia – A disorder in which a person binges on large quantities of food, and then purges Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. MODULE 25 The Need for Achievement: Striving for Success Need for achievement – A stable, learned characteristic in which satisfaction is obtained by striving for and attaining a level of excellence Measuring achievement motivation – Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Needs MODULE 25 Need for affiliation – An interest in establishing and maintaining relationships with other people Doug Menuez/Getty Images Need for power – Tendency to seek impact, control, or influence over others, and to be seen as a powerful individual PhotoLink/Getty Images Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. MODULE 25 Understanding Human Sexual Response: Basic Biology Androgens – Male sex hormones secreted by the testes Estrogen – Female sex hormone Progesterone – Female sex hormone Ovulation – Greatest output of female sex hormone when egg is released from the ovaries Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. MODULE 25 Psychological Aspects of Sexual Excitement Erogenous zones – Areas of the body that have an unusually rich array of nerve receptors that are particularly sensitive not just to sexual touch, but to any kind of touch Erotica – External stimuli which, through a process of learning, have become sexually stimulating Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. MODULE 25 Surveying Sexual Behavior Masturbation – Sexual self-stimulation Heterosexuality – Sexual attraction and behavior directed towards the opposite sex Premarital sex – Double standard – Permissiveness with affection Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. MODULE 25 Surveying Sexual Behavior Marital sex – Extramarital sex Homosexuals – Persons who are sexually attracted to members of their own sex Bisexuals – Persons who are sexually attracted to people of the same and opposite sex Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.