Transcript reinforcing
Operant Conditioning Edward Thorndike (1874-1949) • Introduced the “Law of Effect” • Behaviors with favorable consequences will occur more frequently. • Behaviors with unfavorable consequences will occur less frequently. • Developed into Operant Conditioning • Created puzzle boxes for research on cats Thorndike’s Puzzle Box Operant Conditioning • A type of learning in which the frequency of a behavior depends on the consequence that follows that behavior • The frequency will if the consequence is reinforcing to the subject. • The frequency will if the consequence is not reinforcing to the subject. B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) • Developed the fundamental principles and techniques of operant conditioning. • Devised ways to apply these principles in the real world. • Designed the Skinner Box. Reinforcement v Punishment • Reinforcement - Any consequence that increases the likelihood of the behavior to be repeated. • Punishment - Any consequence that decreases the likelihood of the behavior to be repeated. I. Reinforcement A. Types of Reinforcement 1. Positive Reinforcement • Anything that increases the likelihood of a behavior by following it with a desirable event or state • The subject receives something they want • Will strengthen the behavior Positive Reinforcement Operant Conditioning Activity: Positive Reinforcement Get in groups. Choose a subject. You are the experimenters. Decide what behavior you will reinforce and how you will do it. Write your example in your notes and be ready to explain it to the class 2. Negative Reinforcement • Anything that increases the likelihood of a behavior by following it with the removal of an undesirable event or state • Something the subject doesn’t like is removed XX OR • Will strengthen the behavior (Definition of Reinforcement) Negative Reinforcement Positive/Negative Reinforcement 1. Jimmy's father gives him $5 for washing the car. 2. You always put on your seat belt so that the annoying buzzer will stop. 3. Your teacher says you don't have to take the final exam if you have a "B" average at the end of the semester. 4. You receive a $100 incentive bonus from your boss for completing a project early. III. Punishment: The Process of Punishment Decrease a behavior from happening again by following it with a negative consequence Punishment Positive Punishment: Adding something to the environment to decrease behavior. Negative Punishment: Subtracting something from the environment to decrease behavior. Skits Groups are assigned either • Positive reinforcement • Negative reinforcement • Positive punishment • Negative punishment II. Ways of Reinforcement: A. Primary v Secondary A. 1. Primary Reinforcement • Something that is naturally reinforcing • Examples: food, warmth, water, etc. • The item is reinforcing in and of itself A. 2. Secondary Reinforcement • Something that a person has learned to value or finds rewarding because it is paired with a primary reinforcer • Money is a good example • Cooking utensil Shaping Activity II. Ways of Reinforcement B. Shaping • Step by step reinforcement of behaviors that are more and more similar to the one you want to occur. (Progress Reports, etc) •Technique used to establish a new behavior II. Ways of Reinforcement: C. Immediate v Delayed C. Immediate/Delayed Reinforcement • Immediate reinforcement is more effective than delayed reinforcement • Ability to delay gratification predicts higher achievement Problems With Punishment Bad Effects of Punishment • Doesn’t prevent the undesirable behavior when away from the punisher • Can lead to fear, anxiety, and lower selfesteem • Children who are punished physically may learn to use aggression as a means to solve problems. Good Effects of Punishment • Punishment can effectively control certain behaviors. • Especially useful if teaching a child not to do a dangerous behavior • Most still suggest reinforcing an incompatible behavior rather than using punishment Problem With Reinforcment Overjustification Effect • The effect of promising a reward for doing what someone already likes to do • The reward may lessen and replace the person’s original, natural motivation, so that the behavior stops if the reward is eliminated Skinner Video • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_ctJqjlr HA&feature=PlayList&p=E121A4AF18515 058&index=7&playnext=2&playnext_from= PL The End