Transcript hughes8_ppt_ch03

Sociology
The Core8e
Michael Hughes
Carolyn J. Kroehler
chapter 3
Chapter Outline
Socialization
Socialization
Foundations for Socialization
The Self and Socialization
Socialization Across the Life Course
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Socialization
Case Study: Hidden children
• Genie
– Strapped to a chair until age 13
– No language
– Maturity of a one-year-old
• Anna and Isabelle
– Hidden in closets until age six
– Extremely retarded development
– Few human capabilities or
responses
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Socialization
Socialization – a process of social
interaction by which a person
acquires the knowledge,
attitudes, values, and behaviors
essential for effective
participation in society.
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Foundations for
Socialization
How do nature and nurture
interact to produce
behavior?
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Foundations for
Socialization
Theories of Socialization
• Current theories emphasize social
structure, learning, and social interaction
• Macrolevel – functionalism and conflict
theory
• Three microlevel theories
– Social learning theory
– Cognitive developmental theory
– Symbolic interactionism
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Theories of Socialization
Social Learning Theory
• Conditioning – the
consequences of a behavior
determine the probability of its
future occurrence
• Reinforcement and punishment
• Observational learning – people
reproduce the responses they
observe in others
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Theories of Socialization
Cognitive Developmental
Theory
• Socialization occurs in step with cognitive
development
• Piaget: Four stages of cognitive
development
– Sensorimotor (birth to 18 months)
– Preoperational (18 months to 6-7 years)
– Concrete operational (6-7 years to 1112 years)
– Formal operations (11-12 years to
adulthood)
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Theories of Socialization
Symbolic Interactionism
• Sociological perspective
• Reflexive behavior – actions
through which people observe,
interpret, evaluate, communicate
with, and attempt to control
themselves
• Critical in development of self
• Individuals actively participate in
their own socialization
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Agents of Socialization
• Family
– Effects of day care
– NICHD Study (2003)
• Peer group
• Schools
– School rules and extracurricular
programs
• Mass media
– Television and video games
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Social Communication
Communication is the
process by which people
transmit information, ideas,
attitudes, and mental states
to one another.
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Social Communication
Verbal Communication
• Worldwide language
similarities
• Noam Chomsky’s language
acquisition device
• Example: deaf child, ASL, and
English
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Social Communication
Nonverbal Communication
Verbal
Facial
Total
Impact
of a
Message
Vocal
– Psychologist Albert Mehrabian (1968)
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Nonverbal
Communication
Nonverbal Communication
• Body language – physical motions and
gestures
• Paralanguage – non verbal vocal cues
• Proxemics – employment of social and
personal space
• Touch – use of physical contact
• Artifacts – objects that signal gender,
rank, status, and attitude
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Definition of the Situation
Definition of the situation is the
interpretation or meaning that we
give to our immediate
circumstances.
Thomas theorem: If [people]
define situations as real, then
they are real in their
consequences.
– William I. Thomas (1928)
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The Self and
Socialization
Charles Horton Cooley –
The Looking-Glass Self
•
•
•
We assume the viewpoint of others and
view ourselves from there.
1. We imagine how we appear to
others.
2. We imagine how others judge our
appearance.
3. We react emotionally.
Self-image vs. self-conception
Self-esteem and personal efficacy
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The Self and
Socialization
George Herbert Mead –
The Generalized Other
•
•
•
We act towards ourselves as we act
towards others
Acquisition of language is key
Three stages of attaining selfhood:
– Play – “trying on” roles
– Game – assumption of many roles
– Generalized other – immersion in
community
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The Self and
Socialization
Erving Goffman –
Impression Management
•
•
•
Concealment and strategic
revelation
Dramaturgical approach
The self is a “dramatic effect”
that emerges from social
situations in which people
manage others’ impressions of
them.
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Socialization Across the Life
Course
The Life Course
•
•
•
•
Begins with conception
Ends with death
Society gives meaning to biological facts
Three stages of role socialization
– Anticipatory socialization
– Learning expectations and shaping
roles
– Continual entry and exit from
successive roles
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Socialization Across the Life
Course
Childhood
• Views of young humans differ with
culture and time
• 2 years – In doll play, exhibit basic
ability to represent other people as
independent agents
• 6 years – pretending to play several
simultaneous roles
• 7-8 years – fastest development
• Variation due to family’s social capital
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Socialization Across the Life
Course
Adolescence
• Physiological maturation and adult
responsibilities are disassociated in
many countries
• Puberty rites symbolize child  adult
transition
• Adolescence “invention” of industrial
society
• Not necessarily stormy
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Socialization Across the Life
Course
Young Adulthood
• Youth – people of college and
graduate school age
• Family  autonomy
• Age norms, social clock, life events
• Erik Erikson’s eight stages
• Daniel J. Levinson – structure
modification
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Socialization Across the Life
Course
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Socialization Across the Life
Course
Middle Adulthood
• Ages 30-65
• Core tasks revolve around love and
work
• Men tend to: establish niche (early
30s), break out of authority (late 30s),
assess goals (40s)
• Women have same stages but are
more concerned with human
relationships
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Socialization Across the Life
Course
Later Adulthood
• Dramatic life events require
adaptations
• U.S. – low prestige for elderly
• 42 in 1,000 aged 75-84 in nursing
home
• 1/2 – 3/5 have no functional limitations
• Better average mental health and
social relationships than younger
people
• Role loss – occupation, marriage
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Socialization Across the Life
Course
Death
• Entrance into “impending death” status
depends on perceived social worth
• 75% in U.S. die in nursing homes or
hospitals
• 70% die of long-term illnesses: cancer,
heart disease, Alzheimer’s
• Active and passive euthanasia
• Kübler-Ross’s 5 stages of dying:
denial, anger, bargaining, depression,
and acceptance
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