Transcript ECE I

ECE I
Objective 4.03
Interpret Theories of
Child Development
6 Major Theories of Child Dev.
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Psychosocial Theory of Human Dev.
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Theory of Cognitive Dev.
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Erik Erikson
Jean Piaget
Theory of Behaviorism
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B. F. Skinner and others
Theories con’t…
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Sociocultural Theory
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Theory of Multiple Intelligences
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Lev Vygotsky
Howard Gardner
Motivation Theory
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Abraham Maslow
Erik Erikson-Human Dev.
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Life is a series of
stages
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Each individual must
pass through each stage
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Way in which a person
handlers each of these
stages affects the
person’s identity and
self-concept
Psychosocial Stages
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Newborn
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Toddler
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Trust Vs. Mistrust
Autonomy Vs. Shame and Doubt
Preschool Child
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Initiative Vs. Guilt
Psychosocial Stages con’t…
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School-age child
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Adolescent
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Industry Vs. Inferiority
Identity Vs. Role Confusion
Young adult
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Intimacy Vs. Isolation
Psychosocial Stages con’t…
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Adult
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Generativity Vs. Stagnation
Elder
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Integrity Vs. Despair
Jean Piaget-Cognitive Dev.
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Behavior of children and the dev. of their
thinking can only be explained by the
interaction of:
Nature
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intrinsic dev.
Nurture
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extrinsic environmental factors
Children pass through specific stages
as they develop their Cognitive Dev.
Skills:
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Sensorimotor
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Birth-2 years
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Infants develop their intellect
Preoperational
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2-6 years
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Children begin to think symbolically and
imaginatively
Piaget’s Cognitive Dev. Skills
con’t…
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Concrete Operational
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6-12 years
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Children learn to think logically
Formal operational
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12 yrs-adulthood
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Adults develop critical thinking skills
B.F. Skinner & others-Behaviorism
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Based on Locke’s tabula rasa (“clean
slate”) idea
Skinner theorized that a child is an “empty
organism”
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An empty vessel
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waiting to be filled through learning experiences
Skinner-Behaviorism con’t…
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Any behavior can be changed through the
use of positive and negative reinforcement.
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Behaviorism is based on cause-and-effect
relationships.
Major elements of
behaviorism include:
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Positive and negative reinforcement
Use of stimulus and response
Modeling
Conditioning
Sociocultural Theory
Lev Vygotsky
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The cultures in which children are raised
and the ways in which they interact with
people influence their intellectual
development.
Lev Vygotsky-Sociocultural Theory
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Cultural environments
Children learn values
Beliefs
Skills
Traditions
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eventually pass on to their own children
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
con’t….
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Through cooperative play, children learn to
behave according to the rules of their
cultures.
Learning is an active process.
Learning is constructed.
Vygotsky’s Elements of
Sociocultural Theory:
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Zone of proximal development
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Scaffolding
Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Howard Gardner
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Intelligence is viewed as the ability to solve
problems and create products in a specific
situation.
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Many kinds of intelligences exist.
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IQ tests
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Focus on 1 & 2 of these intelligences
Howard Gardner’s
Multiple Intelligence's
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Intelligences may be exceptionally welldeveloped in individuals either by:
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Well-developed parts of the brain
Or
Cultural conditions
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The 8 intelligences that are widely
recognized are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Linguistic
Logical-mathematical
Spatial
Bodily – kinesthetic
Intrapersonal
Interpersonal
Musical
Naturalistic
Copy website
http://www2.bgfl.org/bgfl2/custom/resources_ftp/client_
ftp/ks3/ict/multiple_int/index.htm
Motivation Theory
Abraham Maslow
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People are motivated by a set of basic
human needs that may be organized in the
form of a hierarchy, or pyramid, with the
most critical needs at the bottom of the
hierarchy.
Maslow’s Motivational Theory
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He say’s….
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Once our most critical needs—physical, are met,
individuals can focus on achieving higher and
loftier needs such as love, respect, and selfactualization.
Maslow’s Basic Needs
Beginning with the most critical
Self –
actualization.
Self-esteem;
respect by others
Love and sense of
belonging
Safety and security
Physiological needs --- air, water, food,
shelter, clothes, sex