Transcript Document
1 Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D. Biological Dispositions in Learning • Preparedness and Conditioning – Classical Conditioning • Conditioned taste aversion – Formation of association over long delay – One-trial conditioning – Specificity of associations • Belongingness: innate tendency to readily associate certain types of events with each other 2 Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D. Biological Preparedness • Equipotentiality premise – all environmental stimuli that can be detected by an organism can serve as conditioned stimulus. • A given stimulus will be equally good in all contexts • Belongingness: innate tendency to redily associate certain types of events with each other 3 Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D. Garcia and Koelling 1966 • CS1 - bright noisy water • CS2 – taste • US1- illness • US2- shock 4 Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D. Conditioned Food Preferences 5 Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D. Preparedness in Operant Conditioning • Response-Reinforcer relationships 6 Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D. Operant-Respondent Interactions • Instinctive Drift – A genetically based fixed action pattern gradually emerges and displaces the behavior that is being operantly conditioned. • Sign Tracking – Organism approaches a stimulus that signals the presentation of an appetitive event. 7 Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D. 8 Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D. Autoshaping • Brown and Jenkins (1968) • Negative automaintenance – Williams and Williams (1969) 9 Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D. Analysis of Operant/Respondent Interactions • Operants and respondents are defined by experimental producers that produce them. • Responses with similar topographies may be either operant or respondent. • Intrusion of reflexive behavior can occur during operant conditioning. • Respondent procedures are often embedded in the arrangement of operant contingencies. 10 Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D. Analysis of Operant/Respondent Interactions • Respondent Contingencies Predominate over Operant Regulation of Behavior • Breland and Breland – Instinctive drift • Sign Tracking - approaching a sign • Autoshaping (Brown and Jenkins, 1968) • Negative Automaintenance (Williams and Williams, 1969) 11 Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D. Adjunctive Behavior • Falk (1961) • Excessive pattern of behavior that emerges as a by-product of an intermittent schedule of reinforcement for some other behavior. • Schedule-induced polydipsia 12 Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D. Adjunctive Behavior • Occurs during a period immediately following consumption of an intermittent reinforcer • Affected by level of deprivation for the scheduled reinforcer • Function as reinforcer for other behaviors • Optimal interval for development of adjunct 13 Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D. Adjuncts in Humans • Nail biting, talkativeness, snacking, coffee consumption • Drug and alcohol abuse?? 14 Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D. Adjunctive Behavior • Displacement activity: an apparently irrelevant activity sometimes displayed by animals when confronted by conflict or thwarted from obtaining a goal. 15 Steven I. Dworkin, Ph.D.