Transcript Theories of Development

Theories of Development
(Chapter 1)
Historical Foundations
Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories
Recent Perspectives
Discussion: Your Evaluation of Theories
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Periods Are
Prenatal
 Infancy and Toddler
 Early Childhood
 Middle childhood
 Adolescence
 Emerging Adulthood
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Three Domains
Physical
 Cognitive (thinking)
 Social Emotional
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Besides looking at the
Domains, DO THINK ABOUT
YOU, parenting, and teaching
(journal page)
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Theories
Continuous or Discontinuous? (Stages)
( pg 8)
 Nature or Nurture is ___________
 Cultural role in growth and development.
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Theory
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Is an ordered set of statements that describes,
explains, and predicts behavior. E.g. Erickson,
pg 17. Piaget stages od development. Pg
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Theories give us a framework or guide to help
us understand what we see or observe about
children
Theories that are verified by research help us
understand development, so we know how to
help or what to do to improve the welfare of
children within the community.
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**Resiliency
Is the normal developmental process of
adaptation, using the biological and
environmental resources available to them. It
is a connection between personality,
temperament, cognitive, social/emotional, &
physical potential and family and community
rearing practices.
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Group Discussion
pg10-- Textbook “Ask Yourself”
Questions -
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Each group discuss:
Resilience: the complexities of heredity and environment.
Masten believes that resilience is a normal developmental
process of adaptation.
Characteristics would be heredity (intelligence and personality
and intelligence) and family and/or community rearing
practices.
Stressors: poverty, drug abuse, mental illness, multiple
moves….others?
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Resilient Children
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The ability to adapt effectively in the face of
trauma, that is threats to development.
(heredity { (innate) vs environment}
Personality and temperament…
A warm, supportive relationship
A relationship with a competent, caring adult,
not necessarily a parent
A strong relationship within the community.
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Resiliency Activity
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You are part of community foundation that includes parents,
teachers, social service personal, business owners. You are
seeking funding for interventions designed to promote resilience
in children. You believe that some children who exhibit resilience
are able to overcome threats to their development.
Choose one or two interventions to promote resilience in
children.
Way(s) to build children’s capacity to reduce their exposure to
risk.
Ways(s) to affect a positive change in children’s environment.
Be prepared to present your interventions.
Tell which of your interventions DRAWS from heredity or from the
environment.
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Bandura: Social Learning Theory
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Emphasized modeling
Children learn by observing and imitating
Added cognition (social cognition) to the social theory
That is, how we think about ourselves
As children development they become more selective
about their behavior.
They develop self-efficacy…belief about self.
Example: Persistence and teaching
Helpful in treating emotional and behavioral problems.
Too narrow a view of development. Does not include
enough explanation of the environmental influence in
development.
Does not recognize that contributions that humans make to
their own development.
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Behaviorism
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Direct observable events.
Influenced by animal studies
Stimulis-response
Skinner
Increase behavior by adding a reinforcer (food,
praise). Decrease by punishment (take away a
privilege).
Operant conditioning:reinforcement-punishment
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Piaget: Cognitive-Developmental
Theory
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Stages: sensorimotor; preoperational; concrete
operational, and formal operations
Infants and children CONSTRUCT knowledge by
interacting with the world.
Constructivism
Mind grows and develops and adapts.
Used observation and open ended interviews to
investigate children’s thinking.
Discovery learning is important to learning but so
is training.
Not enough of cultural or social influence.
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Erikson:
Psychosocial Theory
Added cultural influences to growth and
development
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The ego and id acquire skills that make the
individual a contributing member of society.
There ae stages of development which
describe both normal and abnormal
development. The stages need to understood
in the context of the culture of the individual.
Example: Basic Trust vs. Mistrust
Birth-1 Warm responsive care vs. neglect.
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Vygotsky’s Social-cultural Theory
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Helps us to understand the cultural influences in
learning and cognition.
Culture is values, customs, beliefs and skills of a
social group.
Children’s learning is influenced by a mentor or other
adults and peers in the community.
Learning takes place through dialog…language.
Learning is not in isolation. It need support.
As language increases and becomes more complex,
so does learning.
More on social, less on biological.
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Ecological Theory (pg. 27, Fig 1.4)
Urie Bronfenbrenner
American psychologist
Each child develops within a complex
system of relationships in their
environment.
 (bioecological) This means the child
brings their own personality and
temperament to the situation/context.
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Ecological System
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Microsystem- me and caregivers
Mesosystem-school
Exosystem-workplace, neighbor, extended
family
Macrosystem-cultural values, laws, customs
of country (and international?)
Chronosystem---dynamic (ever changing)
How we study a cultural? Ethnographyparticipant observation
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Dynamic Systems Perspective
pg 29
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Explain how individuals develop
individual and universal traits.
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Your Evaluation of Theories
-- Exercise/Discussion --
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Report on the following:
» 1. What feature in which theory/approach
do you find most attractive (and why)?
» 2. What feature in which theory/approach
do you find most unattractive (and why)?
» 3. One advantage and one disadvantage.
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I’ll call on some of you to read your responses.
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Ways to Study Children
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Know at least 4 difference ways children
can be studied: ethnographic, clinical
interview, naturalistic observation—
limiti\ations and advantages
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Know “Ethics of Research” Pg 46-47
(confidentiality, informed consent, and
processes)
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Exam
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Explain Resiliency.
Know major theorists and how they have
contributed to the study of development. Be
able to compare and contrast theorists.
Name and Explain the domains.
Know ways of studying children…advantages
and disadvantages.
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