Transcript Second-order conditioning

Classical Conditioning in Dating
• Make women/men love you!
• Figure out the:
•
•
•
•
•
Neutral Stimulus
UCS
UCR
CS
CR
Classical Conditioning in Dating
Neutral Stimulus
No response
Classical Conditioning in Dating
UCS
UCR
Classical Conditioning in Dating
Neutral Stimulus
and UCS
UCR
Classical Conditioning in Dating
CS
CR
Classical Conditioning in Dating
But. . .
Day 1
Classical Conditioning in Dating
But. . .
Day 2
Classical Conditioning in Dating
But. . .
Day 100
Classical Conditioning in Dating
But. . .
Day 150
Extinction
Or
Or
Or
Or
Second-order conditioning
Something paired with the CS can itself begin to elicit the response
Or
Or
Or
Or
Stimulus Generalization
Stimuli like the CS well tend to elicit the same response as the CS
Questionnaire
Group Activity
• Why do you think a person might have
social phobia?
• How would you cure a person with this
problem?
Classical Conditioning
• Social Anxiety
– Social Phobia
• General Anxiety
– Learned helplessness
Classical Conditioning
• Example: Little Albert
Classical Conditioning
• Phobias
• Typically occur through
association
– The feared object is paired
with an unpleasant feelings
• Flooding
• Systematic desensitization
Classical Conditioning
Food
Deliver good news
not bad news
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
• Edward Thorndike
Gradually it escapes quicker
A specific response become “strengthened” by being paired
with a pleasant outcome
Law of Effect
• "Of several responses made to the same situation those
which are accompanied or closely followed by
satisfaction to the animal will, other things being equal,
be more firmly connected with the situation, so that,
when it recurs, they will be more likely to recur; those
which are accompanied or closely followed by discomfort
to the animal will, other things being equal, have their
connections to the situation weakened, so that, when it
recurs, they will be less likely to occur.
• Note: It is missing information about the internal state of
the animal
– Thorndike used hungry cats and rats!
Clark Hull
Needs
• Behavior is not just a function of the
environment but also. . .
• Properties of the organism
All animals have
certain needs
(food)
Creates drives
(drive for food)
Reducing drive (by
eating) reinforces the
behavior (eating)
Learning
• Both Hull and Thorndike felt their learning
was the same as Pavlov’s classical
conditioning
Hot and Cold Game
Skinner
B. F. Skinner
Noted differences between the types of learning.
How is classical conditioning different then either Thorndike’s or Hull’s
theories?
Operant Conditioning
• Classical = animal does
nothing to its environment.
• Operant = The animal
alters its environment.
Reinforcement Theory
• Operant Conditioning
– Used to control behavior
• Behavior
• Reward
• Behaviors that are rewarded are more
likely to be performed in the future
Reinforcement Theory
• Operant Conditioning
Reinforcement Theory
• Operant Conditioning
Skinner Box
Skinner Box
Skinner Box
Skinner Box
• Sniffy Program
Operant Conditioning
• Superstitious behavior
– Baseball players
• Shaping behavior
– Getting him to open the car door
– Skinner legend
Group Activity
• Identify one behavior in yourself that you
would like to change
• Determine a system of rewards and
punishments that you could use to change
this behavior
• Do you think this would work?
Did Skinner really raise his
daughter in a Skinner Box?
Picture from Ladies' Home Journal: "Baby in a Box.”
Question
• Why are you going to college?
• What are you dating someone?
• Why are you listening to this lecture?
• You do all of these things because of a
long history of rewards and punishments!
Classical vs. Operant Conditioning
• Classical
– “Reactions” to the world
– Emotions
– Traits: anxiousness, neuroticism, depression
• Operant
– “Actions” toward the world
– Behaviors
– Traits: Extraversion, argumentativeness, kindness
Behaviorism
• Pros
– Controlling behavior
– Focus on the observable
• Cons
– Mental life
• Motivation
• Thought
• Cognition