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Chapter 12
Therapies
The Nature of Therapy:
Historical Viewpoint
• Trephining
– chipping a hole in the skull to allow evil spirits
to escape
• Exorcism
– prayer, starvation, beatings, and various forms
of torture to remove evil spirits
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The Nature of Therapy:
Current Practice
• Psychotherapy
– reduce emotional problems and improve
adjustment
• Insight therapy
– encourages insight and awareness of oneself
• Action therapy
– promotes direct changes in behavior
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Individual Therapies
• Psychodynamic Therapies
– therapies that stress the importance of the
unconscious mind, extensive therapist
interpretation, and the role of infant and early
childhood experiences
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Psychodynamic Therapies
• Psychoanalysis
– analyzing an individual’s unconscious thought
• Free association
– encouraging individuals to say aloud whatever
comes to mind
• Catharsis
– client’s release of emotional tension
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Psychodynamic Therapies
• Dream analysis
– Manifest content
– Latent content
• Transference
• Resistance
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Humanistic Therapies
• Humanistic psychotherapies
– therapies that encourage clients to understand
themselves and to grow personally
– emphasize conscious thoughts rather than
unconscious thoughts, the present rather than
the past, and growth and fulfillment rather than
curing illness
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Humanistic Therapies
• Person-centered therapy
– genuineness
– accurate empathy
– active listening
• Gestalt therapy
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Behavior Therapies
• Behavior therapies
– therapies that use principles of learning to
reduce or eliminate maladaptive behavior
• Classical conditioning approaches
– systematic desensitization
– aversive conditioning
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Behavior Therapies
• Operant conditioning approaches
– token economy
• Cognitive behavior therapy
– self-efficacy
– self-instructional methods
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Cognitive Therapies
• Cognitive therapies
– therapies that emphasize that an individual’s
cognitions are the main source of abnormal
behavior
– attempt to change the individual’s feelings and
behaviors by changing her or his cognitions
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Cognitive Therapies
• Rational-emotive therapy
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Systems Interventions:
Group therapies
• Family therapy
• couple therapy
• family systems therapy
–
–
–
–
validation
reframing
structural change
detriangulation
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Systems Interventions:
Group therapies
• Personal growth groups
– encounter group
• Self-help groups
– voluntary organizations of individuals who get
together on a regular basis to discuss topics of
common interest
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Systems Intervention:
Community Psychology
• Deinstitutionalization
– the movement to transfer the treatment of
mental disabilities from inpatient medical
institutions to community-based facilities that
stress outpatient care
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Systems Intervention:
Community Psychology
• Primary prevention
– effort to reduce the number of new cases of
mental disorders
• Secondary prevention
– screening for early detection of problems
• Tertiary prevention
– effort to reduce the long-term effects of mental
health disorders
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Is Psychotherapy Effective?
• meta-analysis
– a research strategy that involves statistically
combining the results of many different studies
• Gender issues
• Ethnicity and socioeconomic status
– improvements in therapy
• credibility
• giving
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Biomedical Therapies
• Biomedical therapies
– treatments to reduce or eliminate the symptoms
of psychological disorders by altering the way
and individual’s body functions
– drug therapy is the most common form
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Drug Therapy
• Antianxiety drugs
– reduce anxiety by making individuals less excitable and
more tranquil
– Xanax, Valium, Librium
• Antidepressant drugs
–
–
–
–
regulate mood
tricyclics (Elavil)
MAO inhibitors (Nardil)
SSRI inhibitors (Prozac)
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Drug Therapy
• Lithium
– widely used to treat bipolar disorder
• Antipsychotic drugs
– diminish agitated behavior, reduce tension, decrease
hallucinations and delusions, improve social behavior,
and produce better sleep patterns
– neuroleptics (Thorazine, Mellaril, Haldol, Prolixin)
– tardive dyskinesia
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Other Biomedical
Therapies
• Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
– sometimes used to treat severely depressed
individuals by causing brain seizures
– “shock treatment”
• Psychosurgery
– involves the removal or destruction of brain
tissue to improve psychological adjustment
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