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Learning – a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience More than just remembering things for a test Associative learning– learning by association Associating one stimulus with another Classical Conditioning After a series of pairings, associations will be created between stimuli Conditioning Almost a way to predict the future? John Watson – founder of behaviorism Studying only observable responses, not mental processes By manipulating a stimulus in an environment you can change a subjects behavior Classical Conditioning Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Stimulus that triggers a response reflexively or automatically Classical conditioning cannot happen without a UCS Smelling food Unconditioned Response (UCR) – The response to the UCS Salivation Classical Conditioning Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Originally a neutral stimulus that becomes the trigger for a response Conditioned Response (CR) The new response to the CS that gets learned over time Classical Conditioning Process 1. Acquisition Most basic piece Establishing a new learned response Pairing of a neutral stimulus with an UCS over and over TRIALS Classical Conditioning 2. Extinction Reversing the learning that has taken place CS loses power to evoke a CR The boy who cried wolf Habituation 3. Spontaneous Recovery We don’t forget our CR completely You may still remember or have a reaction to something in the future Easier to extinguish these recovered responses Higher Order Conditioning Second order conditioning Pairing of stimuli Fear of dog bites Seeing the dog may cause fear Hearing the dog may cause a similar reaction Often a weaker response Ivan Pavlov 1904 Nobel Prize winner What is saliva’s role in digestion? Measured saliva produced when presented meat powder before actual food presented Dogs started to salivate before meat powder was even presented Conditioned the dogs to salivate when he paired a tuning fork with the food Ivan Pavlov Learned Helplessness Dogs constrained and shocked vs dogs that could avoid a shock Nothing you can do about it, cower in fear and allow it to happen Avoidance at first, will learn to avoid the shock There is more to learning than just behavior – there is a cognitive piece that cant be overlooked Biological factors can influence learning too Predisposition Generalization + Discrimination Process by which a subject produces the same response to similar stimuli Different colors of light Different tones Discrimination the learned ability to distinguish between different stimuli Dogs Guard dog vs Guide dog Why was Pavlov important? Most Psy believe that classical conditioning is the basis of learning Virtually all animals learn this way to some point Isolated building blocks of learning, made no judgments, just observed behavior Applications John Watson Human emotions and behaviors are a bundle of conditioned responses Little Albert Fired and started working at an Advertising firm Can emotions be extinguished too? Experiments show that they can be Conquering phobias Taste Aversion Garcia Rats stopped drinking from plastic water bottles in radiation chambers Used drugs to make rats feel nauseated when eating/drinking from certain things Stopped eating foods that made them feel sick Operant Conditioning Operant Conditioning Type of learning in which the frequency of behavior depends on the consequence that follows that behavior Consequences can be positive or negative Positive will get more responses Negative will get less The Law of Effect Edward Thorndike Behaviors with more favorable results are more likely to occur again Behaviors with less favorable results are less likely to occur B F Skinner Reinforcement Any consequence that increases the future likelihood of a behavior Punishment Any consequence that decreases the future likelihood of a behavior B F Skinner Skinner Box Operant Chamber A bar or a lever that the participant presses on to receive a reward Shaping – every time that a behavior is wanted, give a reward. Has to start small, but can grow to be total control of behavior Reinforcement Positive Reinforcement – When the behavior is followed by a desirable effect $ for good grades Negative Reinforcement Removal of something negative or ending an undesirable event or state Cold Medicine/Tylenol Strengthens a behavior Negative Reinforcement More Examples Mom buying candy for a screaming kid at the store Kid negatively reinforced the candy buying behavior Snooze Button Allows you to sleep a little longer and not hear the alarm Alcohol/drugs Reduces anxiety or pain Types of Reinforcers Primary reinforcers – Unlearned Getting food when hungry Conditioned reinforcers – Secondary Reinforcers Get their power through learned association with Primary Turn on a light to get food Time and Reinforcement Immediate reinforcement is much more effective than giving it later Many behaviors will present themselves in a Skinner box Rewarding the behavior that is “wanted” immediately will result in more of those behaviors If there is a delay of more than 30 sec. the behavior will not be linked to the reward (rats) Humans do respond to delayed reinforcers Paychecks, good grades, trophy Punishment 2 types Undesirable event AFTER a behavior Touching something hot The burn you get is the punishment A desirable state or event ENDS following a behavior No more TV No more cell phone Because of something that was done Problems with punishment Punishment will probably backfire in the long run Doesn’t end the desire to stop the behavior, just the undesirable consequences Can lead to fear, anxiety and low self esteem Run aways Abusive parents more often than not have abusive children Punishment is used best when it is used least Discrimination and Extinction Discrimination – selecting which stimuli you respond to Fire drill bell vs end of class bell Extinction Loss of a response when there are no longer consequences Mom doesn’t cave in and buy candy any more, no more tantrums Schedules for reinforcement Continuous Reinforcement Every correct response gets a reward Most useful for developing new behaviors These behaviors are more easily extinguished Once the goal is met, behavior often stops Reinforcement Schedules Partial Reinforcement Reward only some responses Fixed interval The first correct response after a certain amount of time has passed Only the first response after a certain amount of time Reinforcement Schedules Variable interval Different amounts of time before reward is given Fixed ratio Specific amount of correct responses before reward Variable ratio Different number of correct responses Role of Cognition Latent Learning Learning that takes places, but doesn’t show itself until the learner has an incentive to show it Overjustification Rewarding someone for something they like doing anyway Takes away the natural reward for doing something Intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation Reading/homework? Role of Biology Pigeons Wing flapping to avoid shock Peck for food That’s how they naturally act Defense mechanism vs. Eating Much easier to learn behaviors related to ones that are instinctual Observational Learning Albert Bandura Observational Learning takes place by watching others One person MODELS the behavior, the learner mimics Bobo the doll experiment Aggression and observational learning Rewards and punishments Bandura’s Film Sockeroo 3 different endings 1. Modeled behavior was praised and the aggressive behavior received candy 2. Model was called a bad person and spanked 3. Nothing happens, no reward no punishment Vicarious Learning Most aggressive behavior in those who saw the reward Least aggressive behavior in those who saw the punishment Learning through the consequences others receive 4 Conditions This type of learning takes place when all 4 conditions are met 1. Attention – you must be aware of the behaviors of those around you 2. Retention – you must remember the behavior you witnessed 3. Ability to reproduce behavior – skills 4. Motivation – what rewards are there? More likely to perform behavior if there is a reward Observational Learning Happens everyday, practically from birth Role Models Antisocial behavior Destructive and negative Prosocial Behavior Positive, Constructive, helpful Violence and Media The average US student has seen 8000 murders and over 100,000 violent acts by the end of elementary school Research shows the following More aggressive TV leads to more aggrressive bahvior More expiosure to violence can have long term consequences Women and minorities as victims increases this experience in real life