Transcript Learning ap - HopewellPsychology

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How do you think modern technology affects
learning?
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Learning-a relatively permanent change in
behavior due to experience.
Associative Learning-learning certain
events can occur together
Conditioning
Classical Conditioning-learn that one
stimuli predicts another, for example that a
bell predicts class change. Sometimes we
flinch, as if to get up, at the lunch bell.
Operant Conditioning-behavior is
influenced by its consequences. Examplestudying gets you good grades.
Classical Conditioning-Pavlov
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Pavlov did an experiment with dogs,
discovering that by associating a tone with
food, he could eventually condition dogs to
salivate to a tone alone.
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhqumfpxu
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Experiment:
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Neutral Stimulus (bell)-no response
Unconditioned stimulus (food)
Unconditioned response (drool)- natural response
Conditioned stimulus (bell)- formerly neutral
Conditioned response (drool) in response to CS
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eo7jcI8fAu
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WfZfMIHwSkU
poor little brother
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Acquisition-pairing NS and UCS (getting
classically conditioned)
Extinction-CS no longer elicits the CR when
the CS no longer signals the uncond. stimulus
Spontaneous recovery-return of CR that has
been extinct for no apparent reason
Generalization-respond to anything similar to
the CS
Ex. Fearing all dogs if a pit bull bites you
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Discrimination-ONLY respond to CS and
nothing similar
Ex. Only fearing Pit Bulls because one bit you
Little Albert Experiment
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John B. Watson wanted to condition a baby to
fear a white rat and then see if that fear was
generalized to other fluffy white objects.
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xt0ucxOrP
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Operant Conditioning vs. Classical
Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
•uncontrollable biological
based response
•Controllable action
Ex-flinch, blink, sweat,
drool.
•Stimulus, then learned
reaction
Ex. Study to get good grades
•Learned reaction, then
consequence
•based on stimulus (human •Based on consequences
action comes second)
(human action comes first)
Thorndike and the Law of Effect
Behavior is influenced by its consequences
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vk6H7Ukp6
To
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Skinner Experiment
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Skinner experimented with different schedules
of reinforcements with animals.
Skinner Box- box animal placed in, usually
with a bar or lever to push, resulting in
reinforcement for an animal
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_ctJqjlrHA
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Shaping-reward for closer and closer
approximations to a desired behavior
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cAtDw87bhc
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Principles of Reinforcement
Primary reinforcer-naturally rewarding
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Secondary reinforcer-it is rewarding because it
can help one get a primary reinforcer
Both Positive AND Negative
Reinforcement always increases
behavior
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Positive reinforcement-increase behavior to get
a reward
Ex. Do chores to get an allowance
Ex. Giving candy to a child throwing a tantrum
in Walmart
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Negative Reinforcement-increasing a behavior
to STOP or AVOID something bad
Ex. Clean room to AVOID lecture
Ex. Click seatbelt to AVOID annoying
dinging sound
Punishment-decreases behavior that it follows
Schedules of Reinforcement
Schedule
Description
Continuous
Reinforce every time
Fixed Ratio
Resulting Behavior
Quickest to become extinct
when the reinforcement
stops
Reward after a specific Frantic response that could
number of tries
exhaust the organism
Variable Ratio
Reward after random
number of tries
(Gambling)
Hardest behavior to
extinguish even after the
reinforcement stops
Fixed interval
Reward after a specific Behavior increases only
time period
when it is close to reward
time
Variable interval
Reward after a random Behavior is slower, but
amount of time
steady
skinner box and video games
Punishment
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A punishment is any consequence that
decreases a behavior
Ex. Jail time for stealing to stop a person from
doing it again
Presentation-should be directly after behavior
to be effective
Drawbacks-when punishment stops, behavior
returns
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VKBGVV6PDX4
Social/Observational Learning
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Modeling- copying a person’s behavior
You must COPY a behavior not listen to
instructions and carry them out.
BoBo Doll experiment-done by Albert
Bandura to test the effect of modeling violence
on children.
BoBo clip
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Is violence on television making children more
violent?
Number of murders seen on TV by the time an
average child finishes elementary school:8,000
Number of violent acts seen on TV by age 18:
200,000
Count the violent acts in the following cartoon
clip.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HeG_LSrjI
X4
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E.C. Tolman believed that we all have a
cognitive map of our surroundings, meaning a
mental map that we create.
Latent learning-learning without direct effort,
such as remembering how to get to a place that
you have passed by but never directly tried to
get to.