Transcript Chapter 13 - Kellogg Community College

Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot
Chapter 13
Chapters 15 & 16
Therapies & Social Behaviors
Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot
Chapter 13
What Is Psychotherapy?
• Any psychological technique used to facilitate positive
changes in personality, behavior, or adjustment; some
types of psychotherapy: Not a “cure all”.
– Individual: Involves only one client and one therapist
• Client: Patient; the one who participates in
psychotherapy
• Rogers used “client” to equalize therapist-client
relationship and de-emphasize doctor-patient
concept
– Group: Several clients participate at the same time
Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot
Chapter 13
Origins of Therapy
• Trepanning: For primitive “therapists,” refers to boring, chipping, or
bashing holes into a patient’s head; for modern usage, refers to any
surgical procedure in which a hole is bored into the skull
– In primitive times it was unlikely the patient would survive; this
may have been a goal
– Goal presumably to relieve pressure or rid the person of evil
spirits
• Demonology
• Ergotism: Psychotic-like symptoms that come from ergot poisoning
– Ergot is a natural source of LSD
– Ergot occurs with rye
• Phillippe Pinel: French physician who initiated humane treatment of
mental patients in 1793
– Created the first mental hospital
Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot
Chapter 13
Psychoanalysis: Freud
• Hysteria: Physical symptoms (like paralysis or
numbness) occur without physiological causes
– Now known as somatoform disorders
• Freud became convinced that hysterias were caused by
deeply hidden unconscious conflicts
• Main Goal of Psychoanalysis: To resolve internal
conflicts that lead to emotional suffering
Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot
Chapter 13
Behavior Therapy
• Use of learning principles to make constructive changes
in behavior
• Behavior Modification: Using any classical or operant
conditioning principles to directly change human
behavior
– Deep insight is often not necessary
– Focus on the present; cannot change the past, and
no reason to alter that which has yet to occur
Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot
Chapter 13
Aversion Therapy
• Conditioned Aversion: Learned dislike or negative
emotional response to a stimulus
• Aversion Therapy: Associate a strong aversion to an
undesirable habit like smoking, overeating, drinking
alcohol
• Response-Contingent Consequences: Reinforcement,
punishment, or other consequences that are applied only
when a certain response is made
• Rapid Smoking: Prolonged smoking at a rapid pace
– Designed to cause aversion to smoking
Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot
Chapter 13
Cognitive Therapy
• Therapy that helps clients change thinking patterns that
lead to problematic behaviors or emotions
• Selective Perception: Perceiving only certain stimuli in a
larger group of possibilities
• Overgeneralization: Allowing upsetting events to affect
unrelated situations
• All-or-Nothing Thinking: Seeing objects and events as
absolutely right or wrong, good or bad, and so on
• Cognitive therapy is VERY effective in treating
depression, shyness, and stress
Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot
Chapter 13
Family Therapy
• Family Therapy: All family members work as a group to
resolve the problems of each family member
– Tends to be brief and focuses on specific problems
(e.g., specific fights)
Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot
Chapter 13
Basic Counseling Skills
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Active listening
Clarify the problem
Focus on feelings
Avoid giving advice
Accept the client’s frame of reference
Reflect thoughts and feelings
Silence: Know when to use
Questions
– Open: Open-ended reply
– Closed: Can be answered “Yes” or “No”
• Maintain confidentiality
Effectiveness?
Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot
Chapter 13
Medical (Somatic) Therapies
• Pharmacotherapy: Use of drugs to alleviate emotional
disturbance; three classes: Psychiatrists
– Anxiolytics: Like Valium; produce relaxation or reduce
anxiety
– Antidepressants: Elevate mood and combat
depression
– Antipsychotics: Tranquilize and also reduce
hallucinations and delusions in larger dosages
Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot
Chapter 13
Shock
• Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT): 150 volt electric shock
is passed through the brain for about one second,
inducing a convulsion
– Based on belief that seizure alleviates depression by
altering brain chemistry
• ECT Views
– Produces only temporary improvement
– Causes memory loss in many patients
– Should only be used as a last resort
– 33/33/33 results
Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot
Chapter 13
Hospitalization
• Mental Hospitalization: Involves placing a person in a
protected, therapeutic environment staffed by mental
health professionals
• Partial Hospitalization: Patients spend only part of their
time in the hospital
Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot
Chapter 13
Community Mental Health Centers
• Offer many health services like prevention, education,
therapy, and crisis intervention
– Crisis Intervention: Skilled management of a
psychological emergency
• Paraprofessional: Individual who works in a nearprofessional capacity under supervision of a more highly
trained person
Private Practices
Typically serving specific clientele.
Private pay and private insurance patients.
Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot
What Is Social Psychology?
Chapter 16
Chapter 13
• Social Psychology: Scientific studies of how individuals
behave, think, and feel in social situations; how people
act in the presence (actual or implied) of others
• Great Lesson?
Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot
Chapter 13
Groups
• Group Structure: Network of roles, communication,
pathways, and power in a group
• Group Cohesiveness: Degree of attraction among group
members or their commitment to remain in the group
• In Group: A group with which a person identifies
• Out Group: Group with which a person does not identify
– Cohesive groups work better together
– What kind of groups did you see on “Survivor,” “Road
Rules,” and “Real World”?
Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot
Chapter 13
Social Perception
• Attribution: Making inferences about the causes
of one’s own behavior and others’ behavior
– External Cause of Behavior: Assumed to lie
outside a person
– Internal Cause of Behavior: Assumed to lie
within the person
• Fundamental Attribution Error: Tendency
to attribute behavior of others to internal
causes (personality, likes, etc.). We
believe this even if they really have
external causes!
Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot
Chapter 13
Conformity
• Bringing one’s behavior into agreement with norms or
the behavior of others.
– Solomon Asch’s Experiment: You must select (from a
group of three) the line that most closely matches the
standard line. All lines are shown to a group of seven
people (including you).
– Other six were accomplices, and at times all would
select the wrong line.
– In 33% of the trials, the real subject conformed to
group pressure even when the group’s answers were
obviously incorrect!
Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot
Chapter 13
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Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot
Chapter 13
Obedience (Milgram)
• Conformity to the demands of an authority.
• Would you shock a man with a known heart condition
who is screaming and asking to be released?
• Milgram studied this; the man with a heart condition was
an accomplice and the “teacher” was a real volunteer.
The goal was to teach the learner word pairs.
Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot
Chapter 13
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Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot
Chapter 13
Prejudice v. Discrimination
• Negative emotional attitude held toward members of a
specific social group
• Discrimination: Unequal treatment of people who should
have the same rights as others
• Personal Prejudice: When members of another racial or
ethnic group are perceived as a threat to one’s own
interests
• Group Prejudice: When a person conforms to group
norms
Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot
Chapter 13
Aggression
• Any action carried out with the intention of harming
another person.
• Ethologists believe that aggression is innate in all
animals, including humans.
– Ethologist: Studies natural behavior patterns of
animals.
– There appears to be a relationship between
aggression and hypoglycemia, allergy, and certain
brain injuries and disorders.
– Certain brain areas can trigger or end aggressive
behavior.
• Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis: Frustration tends to
lead to aggression
Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot
Chapter 13
Prosocial Behavior and Bystander Apathy
• Prosocial Behavior: Behavior toward others that is
helpful, constructive, or altruistic
• Friendships
– What makes us friends?
• Bystander Apathy: Unwillingness of bystanders to offer
help during emergencies
– Related to number of people present
• The more potential helpers present, the lower the
chances help will be given