Transcript Chapter 13: Therapies - Kellogg Community College

Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot
Chapter 13
Chapter 13 & 14
Therapies & Social Behaviors
Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot
Chapter 13
What Is Psychotherapy?
• Any psychological technique used to facilitate positive
changes in personality, behavior, or adjustment; some
types of psychotherapy:
– Individual: Involves only one client and one therapist
• Client: Patient; the one who participates in
psychotherapy
• Rogers used “client” to equalize therapist-client
relationship and de-emphasize doctor-patient
concept
– Group: Several clients participate at the same time
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Chapter 13
More Types of Psychotherapy
• Directive: Therapist provides strong guidance
• Insight: Goal is for clients to gain deeper understanding
of their thoughts, emotions, and behaviors
• Time-Limited: Any therapy that limits number of sessions
– Partial response to managed care and to everincreasing caseloads
• Caseload: Number of clients a therapist actively
sees
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Chapter 13
Family Therapy
• Family Therapy: All family members work as a group to
resolve the problems of each family member
– Tends to be brief and focuses on specific problems
(e.g., specific fights)
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Chapter 13
Origins of Therapy
• Trepanning: For primitive “therapists,” refers to boring,
chipping, or bashing holes into a patient’s head; for
modern usage, refers to any surgical procedure in which
a hole is bored into the skull
– In primitive times it was unlikely the patient would
survive; this may have been a goal
– Goal presumably to relieve pressure or rid the person
of evil spirits
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Chapter 13
Demonology
• Study of demons and people beset by spirits
– People were possessed, and they needed an
exorcism to be cured
• Exorcism: Practice of driving off an “evil spirit”; still
practiced today!
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Chapter 13
Origins of Therapy (cont'd)
• Ergotism: Psychotic-like symptoms that come from ergot
poisoning
– Ergot is a natural source of LSD
– Ergot occurs with rye
• Phillippe Pinel: French physician who initiated humane
treatment of mental patients in 1793
– Created the first mental hospital
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Chapter 13
Existential Therapy
• An insight therapy that focuses on problems of
existence, such as meaning, choice, and responsibility;
emphasizes making difficult choices in life
– Therapy focuses on death, freedom, isolation, and
meaninglessness
• Free Will: Human ability to make choices
– You can choose to be the person you want to be
• Confrontation: Clients are challenged to examine their
values and choices
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Chapter 13
Behavior Therapy
• Use of learning principles to make constructive changes
in behavior
• Behavior Modification: Using any classical or operant
conditioning principles to directly change human
behavior
– Deep insight is often not necessary
– Focus on the present; cannot change the past, and
no reason to alter that which has yet to occur
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Chapter 13
Aversion Therapy
• Conditioned Aversion: Learned dislike or negative
emotional response to a stimulus
• Aversion Therapy: Associate a strong aversion to an
undesirable habit like smoking, overeating, drinking
alcohol
• Response-Contingent Consequences: Reinforcement,
punishment, or other consequences that are applied only
when a certain response is made
• Rapid Smoking: Prolonged smoking at a rapid pace
– Designed to cause aversion to smoking
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Chapter 13
Desensitization
• Systematic Desensitization: Guided reduction in fear,
anxiety, or aversion; attained by approaching a feared
stimulus gradually while maintaining relaxation
– Best used to treat phobias: intense, unrealistic fear
• Model: Live or filmed person who serves as an example
for observational learning
• Vicarious Desensitization: Reduction in fear that takes
place secondhand when a client watches models
perform the feared behavior
• Virtual Reality Exposure: Presents computerized fear
stimuli to patients in a controlled fashion
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Chapter 13
Operant Conditioning
• Positive Reinforcement: Responses that are followed by
a reward tend to occur more frequently
• Nonreinforcement: A response that is not followed by a
reward will occur less frequently
• Extinction: If response is NOT followed by reward after it
has been repeated many times, it will go away
• Punishment: If a response is followed by discomfort or
an undesirable effect, the response will decrease/be
suppressed (but not necessarily extinguished)
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Cognitive Therapy
• Therapy that helps clients change thinking patterns that
lead to problematic behaviors or emotions
• Selective Perception: Perceiving only certain stimuli in a
larger group of possibilities
• Overgeneralization: Allowing upsetting events to affect
unrelated situations
• All-or-Nothing Thinking: Seeing objects and events as
absolutely right or wrong, good or bad, and so on
• Cognitive therapy is VERY effective in treating
depression, shyness, and stress
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Chapter 13
Key Features of Psychotherapy
• Therapeutic Alliance: Caring relationship between the
client and therapist; work to “solve” client’s problems
• Therapy offers a protected setting where emotional
catharsis (release) can occur
• All the therapies offer some explanation or rationale for
the client’s suffering
• Provides clients with a new perspective about
themselves or their situations and a chance to practice
new behaviors
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Basic Counseling Skills
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Active listening
Clarify the problem
Focus on feelings
Avoid giving advice
Accept the client’s frame of reference
Reflect thoughts and feelings
Silence: Know when to use
Questions
– Open: Open-ended reply
– Closed: Can be answered “Yes” or “No”
• Maintain confidentiality
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Chapter 13
Medical (Somatic) Therapies
• Pharmacotherapy: Use of drugs to alleviate emotional
disturbance; three classes:
– Anxiolytics: Like Valium; produce relaxation or reduce
anxiety
– Antidepressants: Elevate mood and combat
depression
– Antipsychotics: Tranquilize and also reduce
hallucinations and delusions in larger dosages
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Chapter 13
Shock
• Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT): 150 volt electric shock
is passed through the brain for about one second,
inducing a convulsion
– Based on belief that seizure alleviates depression by
altering brain chemistry
• ECT Views
- Causes memory loss in many patients
– Should only be used as a last resort
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Chapter 13
Psychosurgery
• Any surgical alteration of the brain
• Prefrontal Lobotomy: Frontal lobes in brain are surgically
cut from other brain areas
– Supposed to calm people who did not respond to
other forms of treatment
– Was not very successful
• Deep Lesioning: Small target areas in the brain are
destroyed by using an electrode
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Chapter 13
Hospitalization
• Mental Hospitalization: Involves placing a person in a
protected, therapeutic environment staffed by mental
health professionals
• Deinstitutionalization: Reduced use of full-time
commitment to mental institutions
• Half-way Houses: Short-term group living facilities for
individuals making the transition from an institution
(mental hospital, prison, etc.) to independent living
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Chapter 13
Community Mental Health Centers
• Offer many health services like prevention, education,
therapy, and crisis intervention
– Crisis Intervention: Skilled management of a
psychological emergency
• Paraprofessional: Individual who works in a nearprofessional capacity under supervision of a more highly
trained person
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Chapter 13
What Is Social Psychology?
• Social Psychology: Scientific studies of how individuals
behave, think, and feel in social situations; how people
act in the presence (actual or implied) of others
The POWER of the
________________.
• Great Lesson -
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Chapter 13
Groups
• Group Structure: Network of roles, communication,
pathways, and power in a group
• Group Cohesiveness: Degree of attraction among group
members or their commitment to remain in the group
• In Group: A group with which a person identifies
• Out Group: Group with which a person does not identify
– Cohesive groups work better together
– What kind of groups did you see on “Survivor,” “Road
Rules,” and “Real World”?
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Chapter 13
Social Perception
• Attribution: Making inferences about the causes
of one’s own behavior and others’ behavior
– External Cause of Behavior: Assumed to lie
outside a person
– Internal Cause of Behavior: Assumed to lie
within the person
• Fundamental Attribution Error: Tendency
to attribute behavior of others to internal
causes (personality, likes, etc.). We
believe this even if they really have
external causes!
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Chapter 13
Conformity
• Bringing one’s behavior into agreement with norms or
the behavior of others.
– Solomon Asch’s Experiment: You must select (from a
group of three) the line that most closely matches the
standard line. All lines are shown to a group of seven
people (including you).
– Other six were accomplices, and at times all would
select the wrong line.
– In 33% of the trials, the real subject conformed to
group pressure even when the group’s answers were
obviously incorrect!
Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot
Figure 14.4
FIGURE 14.4 Stimuli used in Solomon Asch’s conformity experiments.
Chapter 13
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Chapter 13
Obedience (Milgram)
• Conformity to the demands of an authority.
• Would you shock a man with a known heart condition
who is screaming and asking to be released?
• Milgram studied this; the man with a heart condition was
an accomplice and the “teacher” was a real volunteer.
The goal was to teach the learner word pairs.
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Milgram’s Conclusions
• 65% obeyed by going all the way to 450 volts on the
“shock machine,” even though the learner eventually
could not answer any more questions
• Group support can reduce destructive obedience
Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot
Figure 14.6
Chapter 13
FIGURE 14.6 Results of Milgram’s obedience experiment. Only a minority of subjects refused
to provide shocks, even at the most extreme intensities. The first substantial drop in obedience
occurred at the 300-volt level (Milgram, 1963).
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Chapter 13
Brainwashing
• Engineered or forced attitude change requiring a captive
audience; three steps:
– Unfreezing: Loosening of former values and
convictions
– Change: When the brainwashed person abandons
former beliefs
– Refreezing: Rewarding and solidifying new attitudes
and beliefs
Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot
Chapter 13
Cults
• Groups that profess great devotion to a person and
follow that person almost without question
– Leader’s personality is usually more important than
the issues he/she preaches
– Members usually victimized by the leader(s)
– Recruit potential converts at a time of need,
especially when a sense of belonging is most
attractive to potential converts
• Look for college students and young adults
• Some examples: People’s Temple and Jim
Jones; Heaven’s Gate; Branch Davidians
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Chapter 13
Prejudice
• Negative emotional attitude held toward members of a
specific social group
• Discrimination: Unequal treatment of people who should
have the same rights as others
• Personal Prejudice: When members of another racial or
ethnic group are perceived as a threat to one’s own
interests
• Group Prejudice: When a person conforms to group
norms
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Chapter 13
Prosocial Behavior and Bystander Apathy
• Prosocial Behavior: Behavior toward others that is
helpful, constructive, or altruistic
• Bystander Apathy: Unwillingness of bystanders to offer
help during emergencies
– Related to number of people present
• The more potential helpers present, the lower the
chances help will be given