Transcript Learning - Appalachian State University

Publication Process For Journal Articles
• Submit article taking into consideration the “Instructions To
Authors” (length of manuscript, types of manuscripts, format,
etc.)
• Choose a journal that has previously published articles similar
to yours.
• Usually, the more prestigious the journal the greater the impact
the article will have but the lower the probability of acceptance.
• Article is sent to “expert” reviewers.
• Editor considers the reactions of the reviewers and makes a
publication decision.
Publication Decisions
• Accept-Your article is now “in press”
and will be published. Reputable
journals rarely if ever accept the
article on the first submission.
• Resubmit-You are invited to resubmit
the article taking into consideration
the editor and the reviewer’s
comments.
• Reject-The journal is not interested in
publishing your article.
Habituation in Spirostomum ambiguum
• Habituation: A response decrement to repetitive
stimulation
• Spirostomum is an asexual ciliated protozoa
Habituation in Spirostomum ambiguum
• Are multiple cells required for learning ?
• Chemical bases of learning
Habituation in Spirostomum ambiguum
• Place individuals on a slide
• Tap slide with a mechanical stimulus each 4 seconds
• Animal shows a response decrement (habituation)
after 12 to 15 stimuli
The Extraordinary Spirostomum ambiguum
• Spirostomum can remember for a least 10 minutes
• Dishabituation
• These ciliates appear to be attracted to one another
E. B. Twitmyer
• A Beauty Never to See Flower
• A discoverer of the conditioned reflex
Ivan Pavlov
• A Russian physiologist
• Discovered the conditioned reflex by chance
• Why did Pavlov achieve such renown for his discovery
and Twitmyer go unnoticed?
Some Negative Side Effects Of Punishment
1. Person who is punished avoids the punisher.
2. Punishment may model inappropriate aggressive
behavior.
3. Punishment can reduce self-esteem.
4. Punishment teaches you what not to do but not what to
do.
5. Punishment teaches people to do the minimum.
6. The use of aversive stimuli are hard to control.
Abu Graib
B. F. Skinner and Operant Conditioning
1. My introduction to B.F. Skinner
2. Skinner and society
A New Orleans Story
Caswell Center
Caswell Center
Goal Of Behavior Therapy And A Few Definitions
Goal: To provide the individual with better control over
themselves or their environment.
Baseline: Behavior prior to intervention.
Shaping: Reinforcing successive approximations of the
desired behavior.
Prompt: A stimulus used to increase the probability of a
correct response.
Fading: Gradual removal of a prompt.
Chaining: Reinforcing the last behavior in the
sequence, the next to last behavior, etc.
Four Types Of Prompts
Physical Assistance: Moving an individual through the
desired responses. Negative Reinforcement-The
withdrawal of a stimulus that increases the probability of
the response it follows.
Modeling: Imitating the desired behavior.
Pointing: Designating a location.
Verbal Instruction: Describing how to perform a
particular behavior.
Mary Cover Jones: Counterconditioning
Greg and the empty toilet paper roll
What Is Automation ?
Any sensing, detection, information-processing,
decision-making, or control action that could
be performed by humans but is actually
performed by a machine” (Moray, Inagaki, &
Itoh, 2000)
Automation is usually viewed as a continuum,
ranging from manual control to full
automation.
Some Quotes About Technology
But lo!! Men have become the tools of their tools.
- Henry David Thoreau
Some Quotes About Technology
It has become appallingly obvious that our
technology has exceeded our humanity. - Albert
Einstein
Some Quotes About Technology
We live in a time when automation is ushering in
a second industrial revolution. - Adlai E.
Stephenson
Some Quotes About Technology
The first rule of a
technology used in a
business is that
automation applied to an
efficient operation will
magnify efficiency. The
second is that automation
applied to an inefficient
operation will magnify
inefficiency. - Bill Gates
Four Generations of Artificial
Environments (AEs)
Where we have been, where we are, and where
we are going
First Generation
Unidirectional Communication-Information moves
from the machine to the person but not the person
to the machine.
Second Generation
Bidirectional Communication-Information moves
from the machine to the person and from the
person to the machine.
Third Generation
Virtual Reality-Information moves from the
machine to the person and from the person to the
machine. Ideally, the synthetic environment is
indistinguishable from the actual environment.
Fourth Generation
Life Simulation-The synthetic and actual
environments are indistinguishable and the person
does not know whether they are in an actual or
synthetic world.